The movement of tritiated water through the isolated, perfused gut tissue of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus (lazera), was studied at constant perfusion rate. The gut epithelium, the external medium and the perfusate constituted a system of three compartments in series for water exchange. This allowed for the determination of the characteristics of tritiated water movement through the apical and basal barriers. Perfusion of the gut epithelium was with Na+-free Ringer and hypoosmotic saline produced substantial reduction in the permeability constant of both barriers and the rate at which the tissue reach equilibrium with respect to tracer flux. The reduction due to hypoosmotic saline was dependent on concentration gradient of the saline. The lower the concentration gradient, the less reduction.

The biology of the cichlid Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rupell), a brackish water tilapia introduced into a freshwater lake was studied. Racial data of the specie in Awba lake. Ibadan, conform with previous information on its biology. Growth in the specie was negatively showed positive correlation. Condition factor was high and decreased with increase in fish size. Food consist mainly of blue green algae and detritus, while green algae and diatoms were supplementary and zooplanktons dinofigellates and euglenoids were of minor importance.. Adietary disfersification and effective utilization of available food suggests an adaptation to reduce possible competitions. Females dominates males in the lake numerically. Eggs in the species were large while fecundity was low. Gonadosomatic indices recorded during most of the studies were high, indicating non-seasonal spawning. Six gonad maturation stages were elucidated in the species; Meristic and morphometric data from previous and present studies as S.melanotheron. The length and weight of the fish showed positive correlation and growth was negatively allometric. The condition factor was comparatively higher in the smaller sizes. Food consist mainly of blue green algae and detritus. Diatoms and green algae were supplementary while dinoflagellates, englenoids, zooplanktons and vegetable matter were of minor importance. Augmentation of man food items with others possibly reduces comprtition for food with other fish species. Female S.melanotheron out number males in the lake and egg sizes were large while egg counts were low. Gonadosomatic indices were high throughout the study period, indicating a non seasonal spawning fish. Six maturation stages were elucidated during the study.

The population of E. flavipes on cassava plantations in the field appeared to be directly related to the population of Phenacocus manihoti (cassava mealy bug). In the months of July and August, when no P. manihoti was found on the cassava plant, E. flavipes was found on chromonila species in association with aphids. Morphometric studies showed that there is a distinct difference in body size between the four larval instars; and between the male and the female. Laboratory studies indicated that in a no choice test, both P. manihoti and aphids were consumed in numbers which were not significantly different at 5% level. In a free choice test, the number of P. manihoti eaten, was significantly greater than that of aphids eaten, at 1% level than the number of aphids and P. manihoti eaten.

Yoghurt-like products were prepared from cowpea and fermented by Lactobacillus casei and Streptococci lactis isolated from ʽNonoʼ (Hausa), a natural yoghurt commonly taken in the Guinea Savanna Zone in West Africa. The effect of variations in incubation periods (0-36hrs) on the growth of lactic acid bacteria in the cowpea milk, showed an increase in the growth of the organism up to 12hrs of incubation and a decrease in number thereafter. Changes in percentage titrable acidity during fermentation of the milk was found to increase with higher temperature (35°C) and a decrease in pH. The effect of heat treated milk showed that the percentage of titrable acidity reduced continuously for Lactobacillus casei and Streptococci lactis in the milk heated to 60 and 80°C. The raw milk had the highest % titrable acidity and lowest pH. The percentage titrable acidity of the milk increased with addition of simple sugars such as glucose, sucrose, lactose and maltose. Sensory evaluation test performed on the yoghurt gave an acceptable flavor, desireable body and texture. However, the cowpea yoghurt (Commercially ʽFanʼ yoghurt) but the attributes were scored with an acceptable range.

Sulphamethoxypyridazine: Pyrimethamine (metakelfin) is a newly developed antimalarial drug, whose effects on mouse sperm head morphology was evaluated in (UI Vet.) F1 mice. 5 different dose levels of 3.85: 0.19; 7.7: 0.38; 15.4: 0.77; 23.1: 1.13 and 30.8: 1.54 mg/kg body weight sulphamethoxypridazine: pyrimethamine, respectively were administered to the animals by a schedule of 5 consecutive daily intraperitoneal (.i.p) injection. The sperm of the mice from the cauda epididymis were examined 5 weeks after treatment. Metakelfin induced sperm head abnormalities, however, the induction was not significantly elevated above the control value. Furthermore, the induction of the sperm head abnormalities was not strictly dose-dependent

There has been an increase in the use of oral contraceptives in Nigeria within the last one decade. The uncontrolled access to some of the oral contraceptives poses a health danger because some of them are known to be carcinogenic. A survey of oral contraceptives users in Ibadan shows an age range of 15-45 years. The various types available and the possible effects on the health of the users are assessed.

The aqueous extract from nine medicinal plants collected locally in Nigeria, were examined for antimalarial properties. These were administered orally by force feeding in a single daily dose of 14ml./25g. body weight to albino mice commence 72 hours after infecting the mice and observations were made for six days. The level of parasitemia, anal temperature and body weight were assessed daily. Result showed that only the aqueous extract of leaves of Morinda Lucida, Psidium guajava and Baphia ntida gad definite suppressive action against Plasmodium yoelli nigeriansis in mice. The effect of these three extracts on infected mice was also shown by the arrest of rapid weight loss and restoration of normal body temperature

Studies were carried out on the histological and chemical changes that take place in carrot roots infected with Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizopus oryzae. The results obtained showed deformation and separation of cells of infected carrots roots. There were decrease in iron, protein and vitamin c contents of carrot roots infected with both fungi. There were increases in calcium content of carrot root infected with both fungi. These findings are discussed in relation to possible role of cell wall degrading enzymes of root infections of carrot roots.

Static bioassays were carried out with O. niloticus and S. galilaeus, using three preparations (oven-dried powder, hot water extract and ethanolic extract) of P. guineense. The 96 hour LC50s in oven-dried powder, hot water extract, and ethanolic extract were respectively for S. galilaeus: 102.0mg/1,85.5mg/1 and 81.9mg/1; and for O. niloticus: 101.5mg/1, 87.1g/1 and 83.6mg/1. Mortality when it occurred was within 24 hours of treatment in all the three preparations of P. guineese. At p= 0.05 there was no significant differences between the rate of survival of the two species of fish in each of the preparation of the botanicals. For each preparation of fish there was a significant differences in the rate of survival due to the treatment as well as due to the dosage of the same treatment.

The impacts of science and technology in the provision of electricity, portable safe drinking water, increased agricultural productions, faster transportation and communication links, regulation of environmental temperature etc are what make developed nations citizens enjoy better living standards than those in the developing and underdeveloped nations of the world today. This paper takes a currency look at some benefits accruing from science and technology in promoting better living conditions as well as their negative effects on the environmental health of a nation and its citizens. Suggestions for solutions are proffered for Nigeria as a developing nation to implement so as to enjoy greater benefits of science and technology and suffer minimal adverse effects through proper planning and implementation of health education programmes.

The sperm of mice (U.C.H. strain). Were examined 5,7 and 10 weeks after treatment with chloroquine at five different dose levels, 12.5mg/kg body weight (bwt); 17.25mg/bwt; 23mg/kg bwt; 35mg/kg bwt; and 40mg/kg bwt; administered to the animals by a schedule of five consecutive, daily intraperitoneal injections. The fraction of sperm that were abnormal in shape was elevated above control values of 3.29% (% wks.); 2.97% (7wks); and 2.22% (10wks). The induction was dose dependent with the highest dose of 40mg/kg bwt. Inducing the largest number of sperm head abnormalities. The number of induced sperm head abnormalities decreased as the dose level decreased. Seven and ten weeks sampling at 5 weeks. Chloroquine did not seem to induce a specific abnormally shaped sperm head.

The increase in the application of pesticides to enhance agricultural production in Nigeria has been eximaed. Most of the pesticides used are imported into the country by multinational companies. The health implications of the active ingredients of these pesticides with particular reference to their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity have been assessed. Though most have been found to be mutagenic in the microbial system, and some carcinogenic in mammals, only few are known to be carcinogenic in man. The need to increase public awareness of indiscriminate use of pesticides with the resultant hazardous effect of uncontrolled exposure has been highlighted.

The Cd and Pb level profile of soils in some dumpsites in Ojo and Apapa areas in the outskirt of Lagos and non- dumpsites have been studied. The total Cd range between 0.52 to 1.96ug/g with a mean of 1.13ug/g for the dumpsites, while Cd level of the non-dumpsites range from 0.02 to 1.40ug/g with a mean of 0.57ug/g. The levels of Pb was in the range of 20.90 to 628.00ug/g with a mean of 262.81ug/g for the dumpsites and the non-dumpsites range from 5.60 to 160.00ug/g with a mean of 27.99ug/g. The results indicate higher levels of these heavy metals in the dumpsites. Soil Ph and moisture contents were also determined. The Ph values ranged between 6.8 to 7.9( a mean of 7.3) in the dumpsites. Moisture contents was in the range of 4.82 to 11.20 (mean: 8.62) and 3.71 to 11.70 (mean: 7.90) in the dumpsites and non- dumpsites, respectively.

The Cd and Pb level profile of soils in some dumpsites in Ojo and Apapa areas in the outskirt of Lagos and non- dumpsites have been studied. The total Cd range between 0.52 to 1.96ug/g with a mean of 1.13ug/g for the dumpsites, while Cd level of the non-dumpsites range from 0.02 to 1.40ug/g with a mean of 0.57ug/g. The levels of Pb was in the range of 20.90 to 628.00ug/g with a mean of 262.81ug/g for the dumpsites and the non-dumpsites range from 5.60 to 160.00ug/g with a mean of 27.99ug/g. The results indicate higher levels of these heavy metals in the dumpsites. Soil Ph and moisture contents were also determined. The Ph values ranged between 6.8 to 7.9( a mean of 7.3) in the dumpsites. Moisture contents was in the range of 4.82 to 11.20 (mean: 8.62) and 3.71 to 11.70 (mean: 7.90) in the dumpsites and non- dumpsites, respectively.