The benefits of commercialising biogas technology include the reduction of pollutions and sanitation risks of rural organic wastes. It also includes the production of two bye-products: biogas- used as energy source and bio- fertilizer � the effluent, which is rich in organic fertilizer. This is done through the process of anaerobic digestion in biogas plant. A detailed description of the biogas production process and factors affecting the amount of gas produced is given. A laboratory analysis of the pig wastes feed stick available at Ojokoro Cooperative Agricultural Multipurpose Society (OCAMS) Piggery farm in Lagos is carried out to determine design parameters of biogas reactor plants. The result shows the characteristics of input and output quantities of biogas and spent manure expected from a typical plant. It is presented here for use as design parameters for the design and construction of commercial biogas plant

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most important ingredients of starter preparations and lactic acid fermentation is an important food processing technology in Nigeria. Apart from general demands for starter cultures from the view of safety, technological effectiveness and economics, numerous specific aspects have to be considered when selecting strains for the different food fermentation. An overview on the role and potential of microorganisms in traditional food fermentation is given. Prospects for the implementation of starter cultures for household food fermentation are discussed. Specific attention is given to the Nigerian situation and the well accepted lactic fermented, traditional food in the environment

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have had a profound and unapparelled impact on the aquatic environment because of the phenomenon of bloom formation. In many countries, water management is threatened with extensive and persistent noxious blooms of cyanobacteria in surface and near-surface mesotrophic and eutrophic waters. In view of this, ecological and physiological factors responsible for blue-green algal dominance are discussed. The implications of bloom formation are highlighted and recommendation made to combat this menace

Seedlings of Spigelia anthelmia L. Ch were subjected to 7 days water stress at two growth stages (vegetative and flowering). Seedlings subjected to water stress at the vegetative stage (SV), showed a 2-fold increase in virtually all the growth parameters studied: leaf area, plant height and girth, dry weight of whole plant roots and fruit and fruit number. Seedlings stressed at the flowering stage (SF) had a significantly higher (at P= 0.05) root length, shoot-root mass ratio and shoot weight ratio than SV -seedlings and NS-seedlings (control). A higher yield of leaves and fruits is obtained in Spigelia when plants are subjected to 7 days water stress at the vegetative stage of development.

The content of the scientific knowledge of the early Yorubas encapsulated in their traditional religious beliefs and practices were to a large extent determined by their observation of nature. The early Yoruba men were mostly farmers or hunters while the women were mainly farm workers and hawkers of agricultural consumables and processed products. In this paper, attempts will be made, within the framework of contemporary Physics, to understand, explain, and interpret the elements of Physics in their culture and agricultural practices especially with respect to their combination of mechanical knowledge and their interdisciplinary knowledge of the peculiarities of nature.

Sweet variety of grated cassava, cassava starch and unfermented cassava flour were analysed for aerobic spore formers, lactic acid bacteria, enterococci, lactose, non lactose fermenting enterobacteriaceae, yeast and moulds. The process of production from harvesting to milling was completed in 24 hours to ensure good quality products. The population of microorganisms were as follows; aerobic spore count: 8.0�104 cfulg , 5.0�105 cfulg and 4.0�103 cfulg; Lacticacid bacteria: 2.4�105 cfulg, 1.5�105 cfulg; Lactose fermenters (1.4�105 cfulg), 2.2�106 cfulg and 3.9�104 cfulg and non lactose fermenters (90�104 cfulg; 1.8�106 cfulg and 5.2�103 cfulg respectively). The bacterial isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp while the fungal isolates include Mucor mucedo, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Rhozophus stolonifer, Penicillium sp, Candida sp, Trichoderma viridae and Fusarium moniliforme.

Increased generation of Domestic and municipal wastes has been linked to an increase in population as well as unhygienic ways of leaving by the citizenry. This has invariably resulted to indiscriminate methods of waste disposal. And for a developing country such as Nigeria it is very important to manage this generated solid waste on a daily basis to prevent environmental catstrophe. Apart from the fact that Ojo local government has highest population in Lagos state (1,011,808), other factors like Market locations (both international and local), conversion of residential buildings for commercial purposes and methods of waste disposal and storage devices adopted by the people of Ojo have been identified as responsible for poor waste management in the area. This work discusses the historical and legal perspective of waste management in Nigeria, law dealing with environment in Nigeria, techinques involved in solid waste management as well as various activities of government (state and local) toward effective solid waste management. Recommendations are made which, when adequately implemented would go a long way in creating a safe, healthy and friendly environment.

The effects of salting, brining and sundering on the shelf life of preserved fish was carried out using a commercially important fresh water fish specie Clarias gariepinus stored at ambient temperature for four weeks. Parameters such as moisture content, crude protein, ash content, fat content, total bacterial count and organoleptic assessment were investigated to assess changes In quality of unsalted (US), dry salted (DS) , 25% and 5% brined sample which were sundried for nine days before storage, Statistical analysis showed that were was significant differences (P<0.05) in the taste, colour, ash content of the fish samples while flavour texture, total crude protein and moisture content were not significant (P<0.05). The 75% brined sample has the best quality it terms of proximate composition with its values for moisture, crude protein, ash and fat content being 31.53%, 57.83%, 1.39% and 9.25% respectively after the first week of storage and 20.22%, 68.87%, 1.76% and 9.15% at the end of the fourth week. The unsalted sample had the lowest quality with regards to proximate composition. After the fourth week of storage, the values of 50.52%, 62.06%, 1.02% and 6.40% were recorded in the unsalted sample. Results on organoleptic assessment indicated that 5% brined samples had the best in terms of flavour and texture while 25% brined and dry salted samples followed In the later (texture). The unsalted samples had the best taste over the four weeks storage period while the 50% brined sample had the best. The gills and muscle of the 85% brined samples recorded the highest bacterial count in the first week followed in order by 50% brined, unsalted and dry salted samples. However, after four (4) weeks of storage, the bacterial counts in all the unsalted samples approximate zero.

The chemical composition of the sting ray, Dasyatis margarita, was determined and compared to Tilapia zilli, Clarias lazera, Pseudotholithus typus and P. senegalensis which are highly priced and more acceptable fishes in the Nigerian local markets.

Two species of fresh fish (Sarotherodon and Clarias)of uniform weight and length were processed in the laboratory using two different smoking techniques. Same species traditionally possessed were purchased from the market for comparative proximate analysis. The laboratory possessed fish were directly smoked and burnt before smoking at 1000c for 4 hours and 3 hours respectively the smoked fish were then weighed, blended and parked for proximate analysis. Moisture content (MC), Crude protein (CP), fat content (FC) and ash content (AC) expressed as percentages, for the various samples that were determined. Mean �SE of MC ,CP,FC and AC were 15.45�0.29, 73.76�0.41, 6.16�0.24 and 4.66�0.60 respectively . of the three factors studied, only species significantly (p<0.05) affected moisture content, with the sarotherodon species has1.20 percent more MC than clarias species of fish and technique of smoking (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively) affected the CP of processed fish with sarotheroden specie having 1.83 percent higher CP thanclarias species and Burnt smoking having 1.07percent higher CP than direct smoking. Fat content and ash content were significantly(p> 0.05) affected by the three factors investigated.

Measles an acute viral infection,community related and a common childhood communicable febrile disease characterised by genaralised rash among infected children. Known world -wide for nearly2000 years, but is still globally remains one of the important causes of childhood morbidity and is also reckoned to be one of the greatest killer- diseases of children in the history of the world. Its death rate is however more in the developing countries then in the industrailed world . Despite the existence of the globally acclaimed effective measles vaccine, the viral aetiology continues to cause specific and epidemic of diseases throughout the world. Most recent outbreaks have involvedeither children who were too young to be vaccinated or older children and teenagers, most of whom had been previously vaccinated. Although the reasons for this global resurgence were not too fully understood, some of the established attributed factors include failure to maintain adequate vaccinated coverage, environmental thermal inactivation of the heat- sensitive vaccine,poor handling of vaccine at the vaccination centers by health personnel, and inadequate cold chain system for vaccine storage and distribution especially in the tropical countries like Nigeria. The most significant potential factor speculated was the possibility of antigenic difference between the wild and vaccine strains of measles virus: a major factor of immunological importance. In nigeria, the vaccine-in-use is the imported one made of the edmondton strain of measles virus. Its use in vaccination programmes over the last three decades in Nigeria have not had any significant impact on children morbidity and mortality due to measles. This paper therefore reviews the effect of measles among Nigerian children, factors responsible for the resurgence particularly among the vaccinated population and futher suggest ways for possible measles eradication Nigeria.

The seasonal variation of f0f2 is investigated to verify its diurnal dependence during different epochs of the solar. The results of the harmonic analysis carried out how that the daytime f0f2 predominantly semi annual for the hours of the day considered during both maximum and minimum solar activity.

The chapmanlike nature of ionospheric E. layer at Ibadan is investigated using the critical frequencies of E region f0E data obtained to be 0.28 for December 22,1957;1.9 for March 21, 1958; 0.28 for June 22,1958 and 0.1 for September 22,1958.these results indicate that E layer at Ibadan approximates a chapman layer during the solstices but not during the equinoxes.

Relationships among some F2 parameters are the fading rates of echoes from F2 layer,theheight of maximum F2 layer, him , critical frequency, foF2 and the maximum useable frequency factor for a distance of 3000 km,M(3000)F2; is also known as propagation factor. While a fair inverse relationship is observed between M (3000)F2 and himF2, between hmF2and foF2 and fading rates, a smalldirect or no relationship is observed (M3000)F2 and foF2 and between hmF2 andfading rates.

Sawdust has contributed a lot of fire hazards in the environment. These fires have destroyed many lives and properties worth million of Naira. To prevent further destruction, this study reveals an investigation into the use of sawdust for panel board. A panel product was made by blending sawdust and gypsum. The pliable material obtained was differently bonded by means of three adhesives of cornstarch, gumarabic and polystyrene (PSt). The mechanic properties of the fabricated product were found to depend not only upon sawdust-gypsum concentration but also on the nature of the adhesive. Reasons are adduced to explain these observations.

The empirical study evaluates the estimation of monthly average irradiation models, using hourly measurements of total solar irradiation on a surface titled at 7 degrees and oriented south in Lagos. Three direct solar radiation models. The sky diffuse submodels and one ground-reflected radiation are used with two albedo submodels. The combination of these models were evaluated to estimate the global irradiation on the titled surface from the measured direct-normal and the global solar radiation on a horizontal surface.Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Bliss Error (MBE) were used to determine the rank of the models. The Perez 250 circum-solar simplified model for sky diffuse and combined rb+ Perez 250 model for direct radiation are found to have the best overall performances. There is no significant difference in the performance of the sky diffuse models when varying the albedo submodels.

One of the most economical uses of solar energy is a thermous phonic domestic hot water heating. This is so because the installed equipment works at nearly full capacity throughout the year to satisfy a relatively domestic demand for hot top water. The prurpose of this work is to design a domestic solar hot water heating system to satisfy both hot water demands for a multi-family house and a long life system for the commercial market with available material in Lagos, Nigeria. A thermosyphon solar water heater with an absorber plate area of approximately 1m2 and a tank capacity 500 was designed and constructed. The performance of the heater was studied. At the same time, solar radiation was recorded using a pyranometer. The system was then tested umder the climatic condition of Lagos city.The maximum efficiency reached 70 , with mean storage tank temperature of 60^oc.

Sporadic outbreak of typhoid fever is a common occurrence in most Nigeria cities including Lagos. The source of such outbreak has been a serious problem of health concern, majority of which are from food handler and carriers. This preliminary study investigates the carrier state of Salmonella spp. and the incidence of their pathogenic enteric bacteria in the stool of students of Yaba College of Technology in response to the alarming cases of typhoid fever in tertiary institute in Nigeria. The bacterial isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using the disc diffusion technique. A total of 372 isolates were recovered from 300 stool samples which revealed 6.7% and 5.3% carrier rate of S. typhi and S. paratyphi A respectively. Shigella spp. was recovered from 64(21.3%) E. coli from 60(20%), klebsiella spp. from 40(13.3%) and proteus spp. from 14(14.7%) of the subjects. The bacterial isolates showed high resistance to tetracycline, colistin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (5-25%) and low resistance to augmentin amoxicillin (2-4%). However, all the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, ceftriazone, cofotaxin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Bacterial isolates from these individuals exhibited low resistance to most antibiotics tested suggesting their therapeutic efficacy particularly the third generation cephalosporins and 4-fluoroquinolones in this study. Further studies on mole molecular epidemiology of these isolates would thus provide conclusive evidence.

Bacteriuria is one of the major bacterial infections which sexually active women often suffer. Undergraduate are more likely to be the high risk group than other young men and women due to the freedom they enjoy. Two hundred twenty early morning mid-stream urine samples were collected into sterile sample bottles aseptically from undergraduate of Lagos State University, Ojo. They were cultured on MacConkey (MCA) and eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) using standard microbiological techniques and the organisms were identified on the basis of various biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the disc diffusion techniques. Seven bacterial genera were identified which included Esherichia Enterobacter, Klesbiella cetrobacter, proteus, Pseudomonas and Serratia. About 81.8% of the subject had bacterial count of over 105 per milliliter. E. colli was recovered from100(45.5%) of the 220 subjects constituting 27.8% of the total bacterial isolates. Pseudomonas aezuginosa had an incidence of 32.7% serratia spp. (29.1%). Enterbacter spp. (21.8%) proteus spp(16.4%) while Klebsiela spp citrobacter spp had the least incidence 9.1% respectively. The in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolate to seven antibiotics showed that they were moderately resistant with E. coli having the highest resistance to ampicillin(20%) amoxicillin (18%) cotrimixazole(16%) and cofactor(5%). All isolates were however 100% susceptible to nitriofuration ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin thus suggest their therapeutic efficacy and as the isolates were resistant to. The high incidence of E. Coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp particularly in apparently healthy hazard to the immediate university community and her communities while taking cognizance of the social implication of same.

Soil samples were collected aseptically from twelve oil contaminated sites (filling station) in Lagos, Nigeria. Serial dilution of the samples was carried out and the aliquots inoculated into mineral salt medium with1% agar impregnated with crude oil as carbon source for oil degrading bacterial, nutrient agar for heterotrophs and knight�s mineral salt medium enriched with engine oil for the isolation of Actinomycetes species which were identified by standard microbiological techniques and six genera of bacteria were recovered which include Pseudomonas Alcaligenes, Micrococcus Flavobaterium, Acinetobacter and proteus. Three actinomycetes species which were Nocardia spp , micromonospora spp and Streptomyces spp. were also recovered. There was high bacterial load with heterotrophs having 2.87 x 107 cfu/g and relatively low load of oil degrading bacteria 7.22 x 106 cfu/g (approximate 4:1) . The mean total bacterial count was 4.87 x 107 cfu/g while the total fungal count was 2.99 x 107 cfu/g. A consortium product with some individual bacteria degrading more than one product. The bacterial isolates exhibited high motility which was observed to play a vital role in the biodegradability and metabolic versatility of the bacteria. Pseudomonas was isolated from 60% of the samples examined followed by Flavobaterium spp. (42%) and proteus spp from 31%. These bacteria were the most prevalent and utilized all petroleum products. Nocardia spp. Demonstrated similar trait while Micromonospora spp. and Streptomyces spp. were slow oil-degraders. The bacteria and Actinomycetes utilized petrol, diesel and kerosene thus are likely to be useful in bioremediation and other environmental control if improved upon through genetic engineering so as optimize their biodegradability potentials.

Wastewater effluents from domestic and industrial sources can produce significant or harmful effect if not properly treated before disposal. Infectious wastewater can spread many agents of gastroenteritis that can endanger community life via contamination of surface and occasionally ground water. We reported recently the isolation of relatively new zoonotic bacterial organism. Acrobacter butzleri (aerotolerant campylobacters) in the raw wastewater effluents of a chicken abattoir in the Lagos metropolis (intern J. Med Microbiol 2001 Vol. 291, Supply 31, P-18, pg 143). Local awareness on the emerging organism is presently non-existent. Untreated wastewater effluents of abattoir origin in the metropolis are emptied daily into public drainage system, either because communities and municipalities are indifferent to the consequences or it is assumed the body of water is sufficiently large and so located that dilution prevent hazards. Infectious wastewater effluents limit the use of natural bodies of water for drinking supplies and recreational purposes, and endanger consumption of oysters and other shellfish due to pollution and contamination. Aerobacters are aerotolerant, metabolically inactive, curved or spiral rod shaped Gram-negative bacteria found in water, livestock and animal products, especially chicken carcasses. Human beings acquire them from contaminated food and water, leading to mild to severe gastroenteritis, which may further lead to extrainstestinal complications. Abattoir wastewater effluents is thus an important risk factor in the epidemiology of aerobacter. Animal slaughters in urban markets needs be educated in their role in public health protection. Disinfection by minimal chlorination is proven method of reducing the risks of transmitting public health important organisms through wastewater effluents.

Farmers generally ignore the value of organic fertilizers and most of the time supplement with chemicals and minerals (the inorganics). In consequence, we suffer a great loss of valuable materials while mountains of animal wastes overload barnyards. Lagoons and streams are overloaded with plant nutrients draining from farmyards. The thrust of this work presents the effects of the use of Sewage Sludge (SS). Cow Dung (CD) and Poultry Droppings (PD) farmyard manures in soil renovation and cultivation of Amaranthus viridis (Green vegetable). This study unfolded the morphological and phonological events, elements uptake with due environmental considerations. The trace metals were determined. The treatment consisting of 10cm of manure mixed to the surface (30cm) of control (soil) and about 5kgto 1250cm2 area. The initial increase in lead concentration of the control in association with the combined PDCDSS treatment featured a sharp decline in lead (Pb) concentration by 70% suggesting a possible bioremediation effect. The other single traetments fell below those of the control. Amaranth from the randomly sampled soil beds with treatments were analyzed for lead (Pb), (12504-(98314.2 ?g/g) Zinc (Zn) (59.42-282.24 ?g/g) and Cadmium (Cd), (0.036-0.123 ?g/g) and the PDCDSS treatment was seen to contain the least toxic metals tested in comparison with the grossly polluted control. At the end of the fourth week of the study, randomly selscted Amaranth from the treatments were weighed for moisture content and PDCDSS treatment featured the most weigh.

Producing enough food to feed the world is a major problem and modern day intensive farming relies on the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers where a lot of raw materials and energy are however, being consumed. The use of biological nitrogen fixing process as a cheaper alternative is examined and with increasing pressure on agriculture to feed more people and to avoid famine situations, chemists contributions to agriculture are discussed. Chemicals still remain the vital elements in any plan to increase world food production but there have been environmental problems with chemical pesticides and the use of genetic manipulation technique as another component of integrated pest management is examined even though chemical control will nevertheless be used for the foreseeable future. These principles enumerated above and the issues that they raise are examined so that we can contemplate them in a timely and fruitful way for the material benefits of mankind.

Fruits of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) of different ages were analyzed periodically for crude protein, crude fibre, ash content, ether extracts, ascorbic acid, pH and titrable acidity, fat and oil, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus. The fruits were harvested at ages varying from 2 to 10 days. Six-days-old fruits were excellent for harvesting. When the average weight is 11.7g, length is 6.70cm and Girth is 3.02cm. The ash content range from 8.34 to 9.41%, crude fibre from 2.5 to 4.90%, ether extracts 2.11 to 4.20% while ascorbic acid and titrable acidity were not detected in the samples. The mineral contents ranged from 0.03 to 0.09% (chloride) phosphate (0.32 to 0.58%) and potassium (0.004 to 0.012%). Ten days old fruits gave higher fresh weight, length and thickness; however, it is not suitable for consumption because of the high fibre content (4.90%)

The paper present are improved for the production of Ginger Oleoresin and essential oils. The process line discussed in this paper has an established property which distinguishes it from other ginger products and that is more yields of extracts of essential oil and Oleoresin

Without food crops, mankind would starve. Scientist has done more to enhance this vital source, but has it done more harm than good. The above stated line succinctly give the main thrust of the paper. The paper is specifically focused on the application of Biotechnology in the food industry and biodiversity conversation. The paper also highlights some of the problems militating against self-sufficiency in food production in Nigeria and goes on to show how Biotechnology can help in the nation quest for increased production of basic food items issues of Biodiversity as they affect food production are also treated

A twelve study was conducted with one hundred Oreochromis niloticus (averge initial weight 4.20kg) to determine the effect of raw/processed pigeon pea substitution of maize component of diet on fish performance and nutrient utilization. The use of raw cooked, fermented and roasted pigeon pea increased dietary protein. There were five treatment levels of maize or pigeon pea diet. The fermented pigeon pea (FPP) diet which had 3.5kcal/kg level gave the best performance in term of average final weight (AFW), percentage weight gain (PWG) and food for conversion ratio (FCR), while raw pigeon pea (R PP) diet gave the worst performance for all the parameters considered. However, the roasted pigeon and cooked pigeon pea gave somewhat similar performance (p>0.05). The final average weight of the test diets were 2.60g, 2.40g, 1.95g, 1.15g, and 1.05g respectively for FPP, control, R PP, CPP, and RPP. The control diets was significantly different (p> 0.05) form the pigeon pea diets, but in term of (AFW, PWG, FCR, and GFCR) was second best. The study indicated that the total replacement of maize with processed pigeon pea is possible without compromising the performance and the efficiency of nutrient utilization by Oreochromis niloticus fingerings

A proteinaceous cysteine protease inhibitor that exhibits anti-fungal activity was isolated from seeds of African pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) by ammonium sulphate precipitation and partially purified by ion- exchange chromatography on CM- sephadex G-50. Papain was strongly inhibited by the inhibitor protein. The molecular weight of the inhibitor was estimated by gel filtration technique to be approximately 17kDa. The protease inhibitor exhibited potent anti-fungal activity against some phytopathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus ad Fusarium spp. This finding provides an insight on the possible protective role of protease inhibitors in plants

A total of fifty pregnant malarial patients and thirty pregnant non malaria women were recruited for this study. The serum glucose concentration was determimed using colourimetric method. The average serum glucose level of the pregnant malaria patients (PMP) and the pragnant non- malarial patients (PNMP) were 88.26�27.76 and 84.64�13.58mmol/L mean �SD respectively. The level of electrolyte(Na+, K+,, CL and HCO?3) in both PMP and PNMP was found to be Na+:141.22�4.19 and 141.23�3.53, K+4.15�0.44 and 4.06�0.41, Cl:101.78�3.90 and 100.97 �3.78 and HCO3- 26.50�3.92 and 25.59�3.35 mmol/L respectively. There was no significant difference in the mean levels of glucose and electrolytes between PMP and PNMP at P=0.05

Attempt was made to aromatize ogogoro (Nigerian local gin)using anise seeds (Pimpanella anisum). Palm wine fermented with high alcohol yielding strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae was distilled in the presence of anise seeds using routine laboratory set-up. The alcoholic contents of normal and the aromatized alcohol were determined after distillation. The aromatized ogogoro had an alcoholic content of 60.07% as against 70.57% recorded for non-aromatized ogogoro. The value is within the range recorded for greek anise seeds aromatized gin Ouzo (55-80%). Sensory evaluation (taste and aroma) showed that there was significant difference (p<0.01) between aromatized ogogoroand the normal ogogoro. Colour and other aesthetic qualities were however not affected by aromatisation. This paper explores the possibilities of improving the local and international acceptability of ogogoro through aromatisation with anise seeds.

Acrida turrita (Linnaeus) collected in the Lagos state university (LASU) Ojo campus and the fields around ewekoro cement factory in Ogun state was investigated. The mitotic metaphase length chiasma frequency. heteropycnotic behavior of x chromosome and structural aberrations of the grasshoppers were studied from the two site. The species have diploid chromosome number of 2n = 23 (B &) and the chromosomes were telocentric. The meiotic process detected were mostly normal for LASU, various aberrations ranging from reduction in chromosome number, clumping and non-disjunction of chromosomes were from ewekoro. The mean chiasma frequency is 16.92. No significant difference was detected from the length of x chromosome from both site. The x chromosome however displaced the normal reversal type of heteropycnosis. The implication of the aberration in morphology of chromosome detected at ewekoro site is discussed in relation to the mutagenic effect of cement dust on flora and fauna

The human and animal body is madeand maintained from the food taken in together with oxygen breathes inform the air.the food consist of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mineral matters, vitamins and water, which are collectively known as nutrients (food substances).the proximate analysis of white yam (Discorea rotundata poir) peels was carried out and this was determined ondry weight basis. The results show that the white yampeels contain moisture content of 11.4%; ash of 3.8%, crude protein of 3,85%; crude fat 5.02%; crude fibre of 3.6; reducing sugar of 30% and carbohydrate of 69.33% respectively. Basedonthe calues obtained, the possibleuse ofwhite yam peels in animal feeds and ethanol production is recommended.

The results of phytochemical analysis shows that the ethanolic methanolic and water extracts of the root of Naudea larifola contains alkaloids,saponins and trace of tannins .The root of Morinda lucida,contains alkaloids,flavonoids,free anthraquinones and trace of reducing sugar while bark of the Alstonia congenesis contains alkaloids,tannins and free anthraquinones and bark of Alchornea cardifolia contain alkaloids,trace of tannins,reducing sugars,saponins and free anthraquinones. The proximate analysis of the root of Naudea latifola contains 12.12%moisture, 3.42%ash,6.5%crude fibre,44.95%fat,10.21% carbohydrate and 22.8% protein. Root of the Morinda Lucida consist of 10.12%moisture,1.12%ash,7.0%crude fibre,45.95%fat,13.01%carbohydrate and 22.8% protein. Bark of the Astonia congenesis has 8.42% moisture,1.12%ash, 8.18% crude fibre,47.05% fat,12.35%carbohydrate and 22.3%protein while the constituents of the bark of Alchornea cordifolia were 10.03%moisture,1.16%ash,6.4% crude fibre,44.45% fat,,15.61%carbohydrates and 22.3% protein. The results obtained from the study shows that these medicinal plants are potential anti-malaria.

National food insufficiency in relation to micronutrient inadequacy in most Nigerian diets is compounded by underutilization of many leguminous crops for vitamins. Motandra guineensis is one of such plants. The present study determined quantitatively the composition of fat soluble vitamins:Retinol,7-tocopherol and cholaciferol in oil extracted from the seed of M.guineensis,using high performance liquid chromatography.The seed oil was found to contain 0.187 I.U/100g, 0.111 I.U/100g and 60.32I.U/100g of retinol,7-tocopherol and cholecalciferol,respectively.The results of the present study strongly supports the nutrition relevance of Montandra guineensis as a cheap complementary source of vitamins A,D and E in Nigeria diets.

A total of unused petroleum based products classified into four groups were analysed to determine the extent of biological oxidation before their introduction into the environment. They comprise of solvents (18), fuels (6), lubricants (11), miscellaneous products (6). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) values ranged from 0.6 ? 0.01 to 1.68 ? 0.36g/g for solvent, 0.16 ? 0.07 to 0.4 ? 0.04 for fuels; 0.15 ? 0.003 to 0.82 ? 0.03 for lubricants 0.02 ? 0.01 to 1.7 ? 0.01 for miscellaneous products. BOD values obtained were between 0.42 x 10-3 and 47.28 x 10-3 for fuels; 0.08 x 10-3 and 4.80 x 10-3 for lubricant; as well as 0.09 x 10-3 and 11.10 x 10-3 g/g of O2. For these products the COD/BOD rates ranged from 0.03 to 3.30%. These values have considerable implications for their environment.

Essential hypertension or primary hypertension is a chronic elevation of the diastolic arterial pressure without a demonstrable cause. In this review, it was established that excess salt intake, excess alcohol consumption, high calorific diet, high saturated fat and cholesterol diet, cigarette smoking, genetic, psychological, physiological and environmental conditions could lead to an increase in the diastolic arterial blood pressure which if not brought under control could be detrimental to health. Hence, diet modification has been found to play a tremendous role in keeping the blood pressure under control. Low salt diets, low calorific diet, consumption of highly unsaturated fats and low cholesterol diets, less alcohol consumption, abstinence from cigarette smoking and other diet modifications have been found to help hypertensive patients return their blood pressure to normal as well as living in stress free environment and also engaging in regular physical exercise.

Proteases are isolated from peels of cocoyam using ammonium sulphate fractionation and purified using gel purification on sephadex G-150. The isolated enzymes were assayed and activity measured using casein as substrate. The enzymes activity was found to be optimum at pH 7.0 and temperature of 37.50C. The Km was calculated to be 5 x 10-5mM and Vmax was 0.714 mol/min/ml. The purification of the enzymes on sephadex G-150 gave four peaks, with peak I showing proteases activity the most. The molecular weight of each peak was estimated by gel filtration technique on sephadex G-75 to be approximately 18, 21, 24 and 32 kda.

Some postharvest fungal diseases of guava were observed in three states in south-western part of Nigeria. Three major soft-rots caused by Botrydiplodia sp. Aspergillus sp. and Rhizophus sp. were observed. These fungi were found to have profound effect on the protein contents of the fruits. The effect of these fungi on the total free sugar of infected fruit wasn�t significant. The fibre content of the infected fruit was significantly reduced. The level of Magnesium, Potassium, Zinc and iron were reduced as a result of infection. The level of reduction was significantly high in Potassium content. These results were discussed in relation to quality of guava fruits in storage.

The population of E. flavipes on cassava plantations in the field appeared to be directly related to the population of Phenacocus manihoti (cassava mealy bug). In the months of July and August, when no P. manihoti was found on the cassava plant, E. flavipes was found on chromonila species in association with aphids. Morphometric studies showed that there is a distinct difference in body size between the four larval instars; and between the male and the female. Laboratory studies indicated that in a no choice test, both P. manihoti and aphids were consumed in numbers which were not significantly different at 5% level. In a free choice test, the number of P. manihoti eaten, was significantly greater than that of aphids eaten, at 1% level than the number of aphids and P. manihoti eaten.

Studies were carried out to isolate and identify the fungi associated with unshelled and parboiled grains in storage. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus oryza, Thamnidium elegans and Penicillium notatum were isolated. Germination of rice was drastically affected by R. oryza and A. flavus. The implications of these fungi on rice grains were discussed.