Ladan, Haruna Aminu1

Introduction: The energy sector poses one of the greatest challenges in most nations as it influences economic growth. Decades of neglect of renewable energy sources has resulted in over dependence on hazardous fossil-fuel. Aims: In this study, we reported the development of high-performance lead-free methyl ammonium germanium halide (CH3NH3GeI3) based Perovskite Photovoltaic cells using computational method. Materials and Methods: The optical property of two dimensional (2D) graphene and mxenes nanocomposites as hole and electron transporters were incorporated to optimize the device performance using SCAP 1D software. The effect of several parameters on the solar cell performance were investigated such as thicknesses of perovskite, hole-transporting materials (HTMs), defect density, hole mobility, and metal electrode work function on the charge collection. Results: Ge-based PSCs with graphene and mxenes (Ti3C2) and TMDCs (NiS2/NiTe2) as alternating HTMs exhibited a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaching 21% and a 62.01V; 0.60 mAcm-2; 80.10% as open-circuit voltage, current density and fill factor respectively. Conclusion: Our results advocate for a simple and safe design of HTMs for highly efficient and stable solar cells at low cost.

Kayode Idowu Ogungbemi1, Muteeu Abayomi Olopade1, , Ayo Zaccheaus Ibitoye2, Jadesola Fatimah Iyowu1, Oluwamayowa Joseph Adeoye1, Samuel Abisoye Shittu1

Introduction: Standalone diagnostics centres are be established in compliance with the radiation protection and safety measures. Aim: The study aims to evaluate the radiation safety level in standalone X-ray diagnostic radiological centres. Methods: Five Standalone radiological diagnostic centres have been studied in terms of the mAs, kVp and the annual effective dose obtained during radiological procedures. The annual effective dose is estimated from the instantaneous doses’ measurement using a radiation survey meter (survey meter was held at about 1.2 meters high), Geiger counter version BR- 9C with threshold setting based on the World Health Organisation (WHO). The measurement ranges between 0 µSv/h and 99.99 µSv/h, with real-time measurement and real-time error ≤ 10%. The mAs and kVp measurements were obtained directly from the X-ray machines used. Results: The highest kVp obtained is 80kV, and the lowest is 45kV; while the highest mAs is 129.7 mAs, and the lowest is 2.83 mAs. The highest annual effective dose from these radiological diagnostic centres is 21.23 mSv/y, and the lowest is 2.31 mSv/y. Discussion: The annual effective dose obtained from this study is within the recommended dose (whole body) by ICRP for radiation workers. However, for the patients, it is high for individuals, but the standalone radiological diagnostic centres are safe. Conclusion: The variation in X-ray tube currents and the kVp values are factors that contributed to radiation doses in these studied centres, and the annual effective doses due to the scatter radiation shows significant effect on the annual cumulated doses on both the patients and radiation workers in most of the centres. The lowest value of annual effective dose from all the centres is 2.31 mSv/y, high for an individual part of the body for non-radiological workers. Unprotected patients or workers during the diagnostic procedures are at high risk of the highest radiation doses obtainable from the X-ray machine at any given time.

Khadijat Oreshile1, Olajide Keshinro1, Taobat Keshinro2, Habibat Ishola1

Introduction: Mushrooms have been broadly used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases for years. Polypores are cosmopolitan mushrooms that are widely investigated for their useful properties in battling multidrug-resistant pathogens. Aims: This study investigated the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of wild Bondarzewia berkeleyi and Ganoderma lucidum. The fruiting bodies of G. lucidum and B. berkeleyi were collected at Lagos State University, Ojo Campus. Materials and Methods: Extraction was done using methanol and acetone. Standard tests were carried out to detect different phytochemical compounds present in the mushroom extracts. These phytochemical compounds were further estimated and quantified using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using a DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, while antimicrobial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi was carried out using the paper disc diffusion assay. Results: Results showed that reducing sugar, terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, flavonoids and triterpenoids were present in both mushrooms while tannins, alkaloids and anthraquinones were absent. Saponins appeared to be present only in the methanolic extracts, while cardiac glycosides were detected only in the acetone extract of both mushrooms. The highest antioxidant activity was recorded in the acetone extract of G. lucidum (90.435±0.112) and the least was recorded in the acetone extract of B. berkeleyi (26.632±0.129), while both mushroom extracts showed antibacterial effects against both tested organisms. The highest inhibition zone was exhibited by the methanolic extract of G. lucidum against P. aeruginosa ranging from 10 mm to 14 mm while the least inhibition zone ranging from 0 mm to 11 mm was exhibited by S. typhi for the extracts. Nevertheless, P. aeruginosa appeared to be more sensitive to G. lucidum extract than S. typhi, which exhibited the smallest zones of inhibition. Conclusion: Based on this research result, these mushroom extracts are a good source of phytochemicals that show potential for antibacterial and antioxidant activity; therefore, they can be exploited as therapeutic products.

Mautin Hunkanrin1, Abdulazeez Giwa1, Sobola Sokefun1, Oluwatosin Adebola1, Abiodun Adams1, Peter Ojo2

Introduction: Fish have recently proved their ability to quickly adapt to newly invaded habitats. The Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Silver Catfish is a highly valued commercial fish in Nigeria and other West African countries due to its high nutritional content and market demand. Intra specific variations in the silver catfish are critical for understanding the population dynamics. The study was designed to evaluate phenotypic differences and growth patterns in the Silver Catfish, across Southwestern Nigeria. Aims: To correlate meristic and morphometric measurement, determine homogeneity and heterogeneity of the specie, and evaluate phenotypic differences amongst the groups. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty-five samples of C. nigrodigitatus were collected from artisanal fishermen at four locations namely the Epe and Ojo Lagoon, Badagry Creek, and the Abeokuta River. Morphological attributes were evaluated using sixteen morphometric measurements, and statistical analyses such as descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and correlation analysis were performed Results: Morphometric variations were observed in body length, head width and other variables with mean value of parameters ranging from 0.67±0.26 in Head Depth at Epe to 23.164±3.57 in Total Length at Abeokuta. Samples from Abeokuta, Ojo, and Epe exhibited negative allometric growth (b <3), while Badagry showed positive allometric growth(b>3). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of understanding intraspecific variations in C. nigrodigitatus and their ability to adapt to different environments. Highlighting the benefits of phenotypic study in order to assess species population and conserve genetic trait. Variations between populations observed could be as a result of exposure to environmental constraints.

Risqot Garba Ibrahim1, Naimat Gatta Bakare 2, Idayat Foluke Usamot3, Ishaq Sulyman Olawoyin4, Sulaiman Awwal Akinwunmi5, Dauda Adeniran Adeshola6

Let Ω_υ={1,2,3,--,υ} be ordered finite set. The tropical geometry was utilized to analyze the subsemigroup of order-decreasing and order-preserving full transformation semigroups, denoted as D_υ∩O_υ= C_υ . The elements of classical algebra within C_υ were transformed into tropical polynomials, allowing for the determination of tropical roots and their multiplicities through the tropical curve, which was visualized using {GeoGebra}.

O. BABALOLA1, Oluwatobi, A. AMOSU2, Loveth IBRAHIM3

Introduction: Water is an important resource that is essential for health, household use, agriculture, transportation, ecological as well as many other anthropogenic activities. But as essential as it is, water is also one of the most poorly managed resources, often contaminated with varieties of pollutants, with potential threat to human and aquatic wildlife. These pollutants include those from industrial activities as well as agrochemicals and environmental pesticides including insecticides, fungicides and herbicides that are majorly from agriculture Aims: The toxicity status of many of these pesticides on wildlife is unknown, and this lacuna is very important to be filled. Materials and Methods: Following OECD, (2012) fish toxicity protocol, 96-hour acute toxicity of Diquat dibromide formulation was assessed against African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at both fingerlings and juvenile stages. The exposure concentration ranged from 2.5-11 mgL-1. Result: The result of this showed that percentage mortality increased relative to the concentration at both developmental stages. The 96-hour lethal concentration was 8.66 mgL-1 and 2.65 mgL-1 for fingerlings and juvenile stage respectively. This means that although Midstream formulation is moderately toxic to both the juvenile and the fingerling stage, the fingerlings is more susceptible to the formulation. Conclusion: This level of susceptibility within the developmental stages could have long term impacts on the population dynamics of this fish species. This result is essential as it shows the importance of selecting appropriate developmental stage for toxicity evaluation. Therefore, application of Midstream formulation should be restricted away from aquatic system where this fish species or others with similar physiological and ecological characteristics could be found.

Kehinde Sotonwa1, Mauton Asokere1, Telema Elisha-Opusunju1

Auctions are a common method for people to contest for a variety of goods, such as electronics, properties, and artwork, where the highest bid is selected. However, issues such as: non-delivery, misinterpretation, shill bidding, and the sale of black market goods have deterred users from participating in online auctions. This research focused on designing and developing an online auction system to effectively address the issue of shill bidding- a type of fraud where a seller or third party artificially inflates the price of an item by submitting false bids. The system was developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the front end, and PHP and MySQL for the back end. Several features were incorporated to prevent shill bidding, including the use of SKU codes known only to the system administrator, the elimination of a search bar, and the introduction of user profiles and seller accounts. The software was tested to evaluate its effectiveness in mitigating shill bidding. The results showed a significant decrease in suspicious bids and an increase in user satisfaction indicating that the system is a valuable tool for preventing shill bidding in online auctions.

Olusegun Omolade Fajana1,2*, Olasunkanmi Kayode Awote1.2 Adesegun Gideon Adeyemo1,2, and Jimoh Olamilekan Igbalaye1,2

Introduction: Ipoma batata is one of the herbs used in the alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus. Aims: The present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous extract of Ipoma batata aerial part in normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The treatment was given for 14days. After the treatment a significant reduction was observed in fasting serum glucose levels in the treated diabetics’ rats. Results: Ipomea batata treatment showed appreciable lowering of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol, Total Cholesterol /High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and an increase in High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the treated diabetic group. Conclusion: These results indicate that the ipoma batata leaves extract possess antidiabetic and hypolipideamic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Fajana, Olusegun O1, Ogunrinola Olabisi O1, Olaitan S.N1, Adu Oluwatosin B1, and Elemo1, Babajide O1

Pectinases are today one of the upcoming enzymes of the commercial sector. A lot of this enzymes are commercially available, due to their all-embracing applications in bio scouring of cotton, degumming of plant fibers, with several industrial uses. The aim of the present study is to purify and characterize Pectin methyl esterase (PME) from Aspergillus niger (A. niger) grown on pineapple peel residue in a solid-state fermentation process. The optimum conditions of pectinase production were carried out by growing Aspergillus niger on basal media containing pectin as inducer at a pH 5.5, temperature of 30oC, and fermentation times of 96 h. The optimum pectinase activities were performed at various pH (4.0-9.0), and temperatures (25 to 90oC), The influence of metals ions was conducted using Zn2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Ca2+; EDTA and Mercaptoethanol were used as inhibitors at range concentrations from 10 to 50 mM, respectively. The isolated pectin methyl esterase from A. niger, Ion exchange purification gave about 4.2-fold with specific activity of 7.14 U/mg, and 9.5% enzyme recovery the optimum PME activity was at pH 7.5, and temperature of 45oC; the maximum substrate concentration was 4mg/ml with the Km value of 1.321 and Vmax of 5mMol/min; The present of Ca2+, K+ Mg2+, Na+, and Zn2+, ions significantly activated the enzyme activity, however EDTA and Mercaptoethanol inhibits the PME activity greatly. PME from A. niger is a good microbial enzyme source and pineapple residue a neglected agro waste is an alternative source of PME production that can be exploited industrially.

Foluke Areola1, Shehu Akintola1, Kafayat Fakoya1, Samuel Oropo2, Morenikeji Oladosu2.

The small-scale cooperative societies of Imagbon Alade, Ibeju- Lekki, Lagos State, were largely able to cope with the several natural, social, and governance issues that have confronted them over the years until in recent times when there were huge industrial developments in the coastal areas. The magnitude of the current stressors threatened the security of their environment, fishing operations, productivity, food security, livelihoods, and human health. They were faced with stressors such as the pollution by the effluents from the refinery and cement plant operating within the coastal space and pilling activities in the coastal waters. These made the fishermen highly vulnerable. Vulnerability is generally considered to be the degree to which a system is susceptible and unable to cope with, the adverse effect of a chronic or stochastic disturbance. To remain viable in the first and only major economic, and traditional enterprise of small-scale fishing, the cooperatives at great economic risks took the decisions to confront and overcome the challenges imposed on them by the recent activities. The research methodology was based on a qualitative research design which was done using interviews through interaction and supervisory activities. The fishermen’s efforts at deliberations and justice at different governance levels and with the developers did not yield the expected result nor meet their expectations. They pioneered and expanded their coping strategies by establishing a modern complex within their community that has a fish blasting freezer, cold storage powered by solar energy. They had to pursue these initiatives because their efforts at negotiations and demand for fair play failed. Their aspirations for support in operating ocean safe fishing trawlers to guarantee their safety to fish further away from the coast where the water is said to be polluted, did not also materialize.

Medinat Osundiya1*, Abdullahi Sobola1, Toyib Oyewole1, Oluwakemi Tovide1,Sarah Nwinee2, Sewanu Kohra1 and Rasaq Olowu1

Introduction:Adsorption has been extensively reported as a successful method for removing potentially toxic metals from wastewater. Aim: This study investigated the efficiency of raw Phoenix dactylifera L. as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) and Mn (II) ions from model wastewater. Method: Batch adsorption process. Results: The initial and the equilibrium metal ion concentrations were determined using the atomic absorption spectroscopy, while the raw Phoenix dactylifera L was characterized using the scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of metal ion concentrations, the kinetics, pH, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on the metal ion bio-sorption were also investigated. The pH-dependent adsorption of the metal ions revealed an optimum pH of 3.0, and a maximum percentage removal of 93.37% for Pb (II) and 97.57% for Mn (II) across the entire concentrations range. The results of the modelling analysis of the adsorption isotherms showed that the correlation coefficient for Temkin was the highest with 0.976 for Pb (II) and 0.955 for Mn (II) ions. The kinetic studies of both ions followed the pseudo-second-order reaction kinetic while the thermodynamic analysis (maximum adsorption) indicated that the process was spontaneous and exothermic with value of ∆G of -183.91 kJ/molK for Pb (II), and -379.31 kJ/molK for Mn (II).and ∆H values of -0.065 kJ/mol for Pb (II) and -0.841 kJ/mol for Mn (II) respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the adsorbent demonstrated a significant potential for effective removal of the metal ions of interest.

Medinat O. Osundiya1*, Abdullahi O. Sobola1, Taiwo Rahman1, Toyib S. Oyewole1, Abel Egbemhenghe2, Olawale L.Osifeko1, and Razaq A. Olowu1

Introduction: The influence of polar organic solvent on the self-assembly of surfactants is of significant concern. Specifically, certain biological and technical processes required non-aqueous media to achieve optimal outcome. Aims: This work investigated the effect of an aprotic solvent (acetonitrile) on the micellization of benzethonium chloride (BZC) at 298.1-318.1.K at an interval of 5 K. Materials and Methods: The micellization of benzethonium chloride in ACN was studied with the aid of temperature controlled-water bath and electrical conductivity meter. The stock solution of BZC was prepared in redistilled-de-ionized water, and then in mixed varying volume percentages of ACN. Results: The values of the critical micelle concentration (CMCBZC) obtained at different temperatures in aqueous medium ranged from 2.885 to 3.486 moldm-3. When 5% v/v of ACN was added to the system, the values of the were 3.093 - 3.545 moldm-3 at 298.1 - 318.1 K. However, when the concentration of ACN was further increased to 10% v/v and 15% v/v, the process of micellization was depressed at different temperatures. The values of the Gibbs free energy (ΔGBZC, kJmol-1) were all negative, while the values obtained for the , were positive with variation in the degree of randomness at different volume percentages of ACN and temperatures. In addition, the values revealed that the system was on the overall, exothermic. Conclusion: The ACN adjusted the aggregation process in the context of co-solvent, and the thermodynamic data indicated that the ACN-BZC micelle can be utilized in water-non-aqueous based system.

Lateef BADMOS A*, Sheu AKINTOLA, Martins ANETEKHAI and Isa ELEGBEDE

Introduction: Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus species dominate Nigerian aquaculture, contributing over 80% of production. However, hatchery challenges, particularly high mortality rates linked to inbreeding, hinder seed value chain sustainability. Aim: This study aimed to improve clariid catfish strains by evaluating the reproductive performance and growth traits of wild Clarias gariepinus from River Benue, Lake Chad, and Ogun River, alongside a cultured strain from Lagos State University Hatchery. Materials and Methods: Broodstocks were sourced with artisanal fishermen’s assistance, identified, and acclimatized before spawning. Reproductive parameters—fecundity, fertilization, and hatchability—were assessed post-hypophysation. Frys were reared into fingerlings (Mean, 7±2.0g) and stocked in triplicate within mobile tarpaulin tanks at 4 fish/m³. They were fed a 45% protein diet twice daily for eight months. Results: Results indicated that the Benue strain excelled in fertilization (90.26%), hatchability (91.53%), and survival (79.56%) but had the lowest fecundity (19,572.44 eggs). The Lake Chad strain exhibited the highest fecundity (113,561.75 eggs) but had lower fertilization (56.41%) and survival (61.59%). Growth performance assessments showed the Ogun strain had the highest final weight (795.57g), specific growth rate (3.974), and best feed conversion ratio (1.62). Proximate composition analysis revealed the Benue strain had the highest crude protein content (17.86%), while the Lake Chad strain had the highest crude fat (15.01%). Statistical analyses confirmed significant differences among strains. Conclusion: Despite the Benue strain's reproductive advantages, the Ogun strain demonstrated the best balance of fecundity, growth, and feed efficiency, making it the most commercially viable for aquaculture.

Azeez Fatai1*, Habeeb Bankole1, Mutiu Kazeem1, Hamid Yusuf-Esilokun1, Favour Oluokun1,Eniola Osisami1, AyomideJokosanya1, Harmzah Abdulkabir1, Hannah Adeyeye1, Deborah Ikomi1

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance driven by β-lactamases, particularly AmpC β-lactamase in Escherichia coli, poses a significant threat to global health. Aims: This study investigates the inhibitory potential of phytochemicals from Acacia, Moringa oleifera, and Curcuma longa against AmpC β-lactamase using computational methods. Materials and Methods: The 3D structure of E. coli AmpC β-lactamase was prepared by removing heteroatoms, while antibacterial phytochemicals from PubChem were energy-minimized and converted to PDBQT format. Molecular docking utilized a grid-box-focused active site to predict ligand-receptor binding affinities and conformations. Interactions were visualized, and drug-likeness and ADMET profiles (ADMETLab3.0) were computationally assessed. Results: β-amyrin exhibited the strongest binding affinity (-9.9 kcal/mol), surpassing the control compound ceftazidime (-8.5 kcal/mol), with critical interactions involving Tyr221 and Lys315. Sitosterol also showed promising binding energies (-9.1 kcal/mol), forming hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions with key residues. Drug-likeness screening via DruLiTo confirmed compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five for all compounds, except minor violations in molecular weight (curcumin) and hydrogen bond donors (β-amyrin). ADMET profiling using ADMETLab 3.0 revealed favourable pharmacokinetic properties, including high gastrointestinal absorption for β-amyrin and sitosterol. However, toxicity risks such as hepatotoxicity (β-amyrin, betulin) and genotoxicity (AMES test positivity) were noted. Molecular interaction analysis highlighted targeting of critical active-site residues (Tyr150, Tyr221, and Ser64), suggesting disruption of catalytic activity Conclusion: These findings position β-amyrin as a lead compound for further development, despite requiring structural optimization to mitigate toxicity. The study underscores the potential of plant-derived compounds to combat AmpC-mediated resistance, offering a promising avenue for novel inhibitor design

Adam F. Zubair1, Benjamin S. Aribisala1, Oluwatoyin A. Enikuomehin1, Micheal Adenibuyan2

Introduction: One of the methods for investigating brain activity is called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and research has shown that it has great potential for use in clinical applications. However, some of the inconsistent findings reported by several research place some limitations on fMRI. The absence of accepted and standardized techniques for evaluating fMRI data is one of the potential causes of the problem. To solve this issue, a standardized parcellation model is desirable. Aims: In this paper, we evaluated the performance of a novel parcellation framework called the Node Vitality Model (NVM) for fMRI image region of interest definition using the anatomical, functional, and network features of the brain. Materials and Methods: The model was evaluated using both real data made up of 50 images of the human brain and simulated data created using standard graph methods. Measures of segregation using clustering, resilience using global efficiency, and integration using assortativity were the metrics used to assess the vitality of the brain nodes. Results: According to the findings, assortativity varied between 0.0022 and 0.1394, clustering varied between 0.5267 and 0.9083, and global efficiency varied between 0.5172 and 0.9167. Only 80 of the 132 nodes taken into consideration in the majority rule's final analysis were found to be significant, and this information was used to construct a brain network. The resulting graph was then used to re-parcellate the brain network using a reverse Engineering approach. Conclusion: This study showed that the node vitality model has good promise for parcellating fMRI data considering anatomical, functional and network features of the brain.

Bamgbose Muyiwa K.1, Ayedun Funmilayo.2, Ogabi C. O.1, Fabiyi Adegboyega I.3, Idowu B. A.1

Introduction: This work presents a first-principles investigation of the electronic structure and thermoelectric transport coefficients of LiYN(Y = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) half-Heusler(hH) compounds. Materials and Methods: Density Functional Theory calculation is carried out to investigate the thermoelectric properties of LiYN(Y = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) half-Heusler(hH) compounds. Aim The work determines the electronic and thermoelectric properties of these compounds. Results and Discussion: The bandgaps of these compounds range from 2.80eV for LiBeN to 1.01 for LiBaN, and the gap decreases down the group. The band structures of these compounds reveal mixtures of the flat band and parabolic bands. This mixture of bands enhances high-performance thermoelectric behaviours. The thermoelectric transport coefficients calculated in this work are electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, power factor, and the dimensionless figure of merit. The figure of merit of LiCaN is 0.99 at the temperature of 1000K; this high figure of merit is due to the perfect flat band and parabolic band in these compounds’ conduction band. Conclusion: From the results obtained in this calculation, these compounds are high-performance thermoelectric candidates.

Omoyemi Orioke1, Benjamin Aribisala1, Alade Rahman1

Introduction: Stroke occurs due to interrupted brain blood flow, leading to cell death. AI and computer vision aid diagnosis, prediction, and patient management. Technologies like CT, MRI, and PET enhance stroke assessment. However, ML-based stroke diagnosis is underexplored in developing countries, including Nigeria, with limited model comparisons. Aim: To systematically review the existing machine learning models for stroke diagnosis, and identify their strengths and weaknesses. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of 880 Google Scholar articles on Machine Learning and Stroke was conducted. After applying PRISMA criteria, 44 studies were selected. Results: The search returned 880 articles. After screening and removal of duplicates, the number of articles was reduced to 489. Out of these 391 papers were excluded based on title, keywords and abstract, 391 relevant studies met the inclusion criteria, out of these 98 articles were eligible. 54 articles were excluded after further screening and 44 papers that met the criteria for inclusion were reviewed. We found that the most commonly used ML models were random forest (10 studies), support vector machine (6 studies), neural networks (24 studies), and logistic regression (4 studies). The accuracy of machine learning algorithms ranged from 0.58 to 0.97. Conclusion: We discovered that there are increasing research efforts on Machine Learning Models and stroke prediction but with a very few studies done in developing countries. The performance of the existing machine learning models is good but can be improved upon. Major improvements and validations are required for stroke models' adoption into clinical practice. Our future plan is to develop a homemade machine learning model for stroke diagnosis.

Foluke Areola1, Oladele Osanyinlusi2, Olufemi Soyinka3

Introduction: The presence of Sargassum seaweed on the sea across the globe has been harmful and helpful to the economy. It has been a great threat, particularly to the survival of the fishing industry in coastal African countries where found. Aims: This study examined the benefits and challenges of Sargassum seaweed to the local fishing communities in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This exploratory research used a Key Informant Interview (KII) approach to obtain relevant information from the key stakeholders in the fishing industry. The respondents were randomly selected along the fishing coastal communities in Nigeria. Results: The findings showed that the occurrence of Sargassum seaweed on the sea is seasonal. The presence of Sargassum on the sea or waterways had prevented fishermen from going to the fishing grounds, leading to loss of catches, deaths of fish (e.g. barracuda, shiny nose), the clogging and tearing of fishing gears, thereby affecting their livelihoods and income. It has equally led to the release of offensive odour in the coastal communities and its mass has been a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Conclusion: The occurrence of Sargassum seaweed has been of no direct benefit to the fisherfolks and coastal environments. It has, however, indirectly provided employment opportunities for young men who cleared its debris and provided a diversified source of income to the fishing households. Thus, it was recommended that in-depth research should be specially conducted on Sargassum through collaborative efforts by relevant institutions to explore the potential benefits of Sargassum seaweed as done in some Caribbean countries.

*Folalu Adekunle AWE1, Ebere Lilian CHIDI-EZEH1 and Gabriel Olarinde MEKULEYI1

Introduction: The identification of bacterial species from catfish is an important tool useful on the gene bank on fish bacteria. Aim: This study assessed the use of ultra-violet (UV) light in the treatment of fish pathogens isolated from the eggs of catfish (clarias gariepinus). Materials and Methods: Nine broodstocks of Clarias gariepinus were used. Their eggs were stripped, collected and taken to the laboratory of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nigeria for culturing, microbial analysis of the eggs and DNA extraction of bacteria from nutrient broth and amplicon taken for molecular characterization. Bio-edit software was used for importing and mining nucleotide sequences into gene bank. Results: The molecular examination of the Clarias gariepinus eggs showed the presence of five bacterial species namely Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus succinus. Prior to UV treatment, on the basis of percentage of similarity, Bacillus species was the most predominant bacterial species isolated from the eggs of the fish sample with 92.95% similarity. Escherichia coli with 91.83% closely followed while the least was recorded in Pseudomonas putida with 84.89%. After exposure to UV treatment, only Bacillus species and Klebsiella pneumonia were detected with % similarity of 96.87% and 90.33% respectively. Pseudomonas putida had the highest nucleic acid (5707.3 ng/µl), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (4770.1 ng/µl) while the least nucleic acid was recorded in Bacillus subtilis (1299.5 ng/µl). Conclusion: The ultra-violet (UV) light contributed immensely towards the reduction of microbes and its nucleic acid contents in the fish eggs, however in order to preclude adverse effects on egg and survival, UV irradiation, of (200–280 nm) is advised.

*Folalu Adekunle AWE, Gabriel Olarinde MEKULEYI1, Lateef Akorede BADMOS1, and Hammed Kolawole SHITTU2

Introduction: The gene bank on fish diseases is usually enriched via information on the existing and emerging microorganisms. Aim: This study evaluated the bacterial organisms associated with eggs of cultured Catfish broodstock collected from a private Fish Farm in Ogun State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Fish samples were taken to the Microbiology laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Ogun State, for egg microbial analyses. The amplicon was taken to International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, for molecular characterization while Bio-edit was used for importing and mining nucleotide sequences into gene bank. Results: The results revealed that the following bacterial organisms were present in the eggs of Clarias gariepinus: Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter gerneri, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter haemolyticus and Aeromonas caviae. Based on the similarity percentage of sequence generated and matched on NCBI database, Enterobacter cloacae had 98.36% similarity, with Acinetobacter haemolyticus of 97.21%, and Pseudomonas stutzeri with 80.48%. Acinetobacter gerneri and Aeromonas caviae had 88.08% and 93.75% similarity percentage respectively. Conclusion: Bacteria were found in the eggs of cultured catfish, although some of them are free-living water bacteria and may not pose any threat.

*Gabriel Olarinde MEKULEYI, Prince Emeka NDIMELE and Isa Olalekan ELEGBEDE

Introduction: Phthalates are organic substances frequently used in many industries. In recent times, some phthalates have been demonstrated to be endocrine disruptors and detrimental to human health. Aim: Sequel to this development, this study deem it fit to examine the levels of phthalates (Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Benzyl butyl phthalate(BBP), Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) and Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)) in Oreochromis niloticus and Scomber scrombrus collected from Ojo and Agboju markets in Lagos State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Fish samples were collected and analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Phthalate Esters’ methodology while variance in the quantitative data were statistically tested using t-test analysis. Results: The concentrations of DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP and DNOP in µg/g for Oreochromis niloticus from both markets were not significantly different (p>0.05). However, DMP was not detected in O. niloticus and Scomber scrombrus at both markets. On the contrary, the concentrations of Dibutyl phthalate (5.43±0.06µg/g) and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (6.78±0.06 µg/g) in S. scombrus from Agboju market were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that from Ojo market. Conclusion: The level of all phthalates detected in O. niloticus (from both markets) and S. scombrus (from Ojo markets) were within the permissible levels of < 5 µg/g in fish. However, the level of Dibutyl phthalates and Bis (2-ethylhexyl phthalates) in S. scombrus from Agboju markets exceeded the permissible limit. Hence, sellers and processors of the fish species are enjoined to embrace hygienic practices to avert further contamination of the fish.

Stephen Olubusoye Ajagbe,1 Abiodun Solomon Kehinde,1 Musiliyu Oladipupo Mustafa1,Olajumoke Celinah Odeyale2,Idongesit Gabriel Akinyemi1, and Ruth Oluwaseun Ajagbe3

Nigeria is endowed with a rich diversity of wildlife resources that contribute to the sustainability of the environment, food and livelihood security, human health, the national economy, the maintenance of forest ecological services, and ecosystem health. However, these wildlife resources are under serious threats, and many are vulnerable, even near extinction, due to the increase in population growth, unsustainable exploitation rate, and destruction of habitats, more pronounced as deforestation, inter alia. Wildlife exploitation follows three overlapping trends that include periods of more abundance, sustainable, and non-sustainable wildlife populations. It is saddening to observe that the exploitation of wildlife has always been found in the third phase, where natural processes of regeneration are not able to cope with the overexploitation of high magnitude (FRN, 2015). The outcomes of this are loss, displacement, endangered, threatened, and extinction of wildlife species. It is noted, according to the IUCN Red List 2013, that Nigeria has a total of 309 threatened species in the following taxonomic categories: mammals (26), birds (19), reptiles (8), amphibians (13), fish (60), mollusks (1), and other invertebrates (14). Therefore, the Nigerian government has set up some agencies to enforce wildlife policies to regulate and manage the exploitation of wildlife resources, with an emphasis on the conservation of wildlife populations and habitats and the sustainable utilization of wildlife resources.

Sheu, A. L.1, Aremu, O. A.2, Azeez, I. A.1, Suleman, K. O.3, Oyeshola, H. O.3

The study examines the network variability of GSM in Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria using MTN, Globacom, Airtel and 9Mobile networks. The requisite data is composed through the drive test technique. Four infinix cell phones are installed on Network Signal Info software to enable per minute logging of the lunched signal strength and quality. The composed data were keyed into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software for quantitative analysis. The network signal variability is substantiated using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for data analysis of signal strength and quality. The results show signal strength and quality average values of -66.59 ,-76.59 ,-86.29 and -92.78 likewise 84.26, 64.28, 44.48 and 42.54 for MTN, Globacom, Airtel and 9Mobile network systems respectively. The result shows that the signal quality variability in MTN, Globacom as well as Airtel network in the study area was not statistically significant as . This justified the fairly dissemination of MTN, Globacom and Airtel signal quality and its inconsequential variations across the entire city of Oyo Town. Conversely, the variation in quality of 9Mobile network shows statistically significant values as . The feeble signal quality results to poor communication and calls distortion across the research areas. The study affirms that MTN and Globacom are the best networks for transaction at Oyo followed by Airtel and 9Mobile. The study hereby recommends the installations of relevant facilities and Base Transceiver stations (BTS) to improve the strength and quality of the mobile network signals in Oyo Town

Ayofe M. Hammed1*, Olusegun O. Fajana2, Albert O. Amosu3, Mutmainat A. Sanuth1, Olusola O.Babalola4, Mercy R.Adetayo1, Gbemisola C. Sapara1, and Abdulrahman O. Issa1

This study evaluated the quality of fatty acids compositions in Coptodon zillii, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, and Clarias gariepinus from Ojo Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Specimens of C. gariepinus, H. bidorsalis and C. nigrodigitatus and C. zillii were procured from Ojo landing site, Ojo, Lagos, stored in an ice chest at 4ºC and conveyed to the Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical laboratory sections of the College of Medicine University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria, for analyses. The saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography method. Results showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) in all species examined. The PUFA/SFA ratio were above the specified range of 0.4 by FAO, which make them healthier for consumption. From 0.4 in C. gariepinus, to 1.95 in C. nigrodigitatus, 2.04 in H. bidorsalis, and 6.59 in C. zillii. It also shows that these species are rich in PUFAs such as EPA, DHA and LA. Hence the species are safe and healthy for consumption, and can be incorporated into the diet by dietician as a food materials containing appreciable measures of healthy fats.

Abdul-Azeez A. Anjorin1,2, Ghazal A. Adegbesan1, Ayomide M. Dada1, Saburi A. Sayid1, Mary T.Ojikutu1, Ilerioluwa O. Kilani1, Roosevelt Anyanwu3,4, Olumuyiwa B. Salu3,4,5, Sunday A. Omilabu3,4,5,6

A total of 1.3 million people died from tuberculosis (TB) in 2022 (including 167,000 individuals with HIV) with a large proportion of them from sub-Saharan Africa. Unfortunately, there is paucity of data on influenza virus in both tuberculosis and HIV patients in Nigeria. Hence this study was designed to investigate influenza virus in tuberculosis and HIV patients attending chest clinics in Lagos State. A total number of 400 samples were collected from four different health facilities including three general hospitals and one tertiary institution health center. The population consists of 32.8% (131/400) males and 67.2% (269/400) females of which 11% (30/269) were pregnant. Their age ranged from 7 to > 65 years. Nasopharyngeal samples were extracted for influenza RNA with QIAamp mini kit followed by RT-PCR amplification. TB and HIV tests were performed as part of clinical management. Of the total patients tested, 26.8% (90/336) were HIV positive, 7.3% (29/400) had malaria parasitaemia, 2.5% (10/400) had tuberculosis and 1.8% (7/400) was asthmatic. Furthermore, the result showed 2.3% (9/400) low molecular prevalence to influenza A virus out of which 66.7% (6/9) were females. Interestingly, out of the nine (9) influenza A virus positive patients, 66.7% (6/9) had HIV, 44.4% (4/9) had TB while 33.3% (3/9) were co-infected with TB and HIV. Ikorodu General Hospital accounted for 55.6% (5/9) molecular prevalence to influenza while 44.4% (4/9) was recorded in Badagry General Hospital. In conclusion, this study is the first report of molecular detection of influenza virus in TB and HIV patients in Nigeria. The co-infection of influenza virus in TB and HIV patients underscores the need for a national surveillance and provision of influenza vaccines and antiviral drugs for the affected individuals.

Olusegun B. SAMUEL1*, Mulikat O. KING1

Introduction: Aquatic organisms, especially fish, are highly sensitive to environmental changes that can profoundly affect their physiological processes essential for survival. Physico-chemical factors such as salinity and pH exert significant influences on osmoregulation and ion balance, which are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis in fish. Aims: This study aims to explore how varying levels of salinity and pH affect plasma electrolyte concentrations in Clarias gariepinus, focusing on potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) ions. The objective is to understand the physiological responses of C. gariepinus to these environmental factors and their potential as biomarkers for assessing aquatic ecosystem health. Materials and Methods: Juvenile C. gariepinus was exposed to different salinity levels (4 ‰, 6 ‰, 8 ‰) and pH levels (4, 6, 8) over 21 days. Plasma electrolyte concentrations were measured using an SFRI ISE 6000 Electrolyte Analyser. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and DMRT to identify significant differences (p < 0.05) among experimental groups. Results: The study found significant variations in K+, Cl−, Na+, and HCO3- concentrations in C. gariepinus across different salinity and pH conditions. K+ levels decreased with increasing salinity, indicating stress-induced responses, while pH variations had less pronounced effects on K+ regulation. Cl− concentrations increased with higher salinity levels, suggesting adaptive osmoregulatory strategies. Na+ levels showed significant fluctuations across salinity and pH conditions, whereas HCO3− levels responded uniquely to changes in these parameters, demonstrating adaptive mechanisms in acid-base balance. Conclusion: This research underscores the adaptive responses of C. gariepinus to fluctuations in salinity and pH, highlighting their ability to maintain plasma electrolyte balance under varying environmental conditions. These findings contribute to understanding the ecophysiological adaptations of C. gariepinus and suggest the potential utility of plasma electrolytes as biomarkers for assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems.

Ronke Babatunde1, Ayodele Oloyede2, Temitayo Fagbola3, Nwaocha Vivian4, Tola Ajagbe5, RilwanShanu6.

Introduction: Query by image content (QBIC) is art of generating signatures of images and comparing such signatures with those stored in a database for the purpose of retrieval of similar content and is helpful for detection of various diseases such as breast cancer, brain tumor, spine disorder among others. Materials and Methods: The image data are acquired through Computerized Tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and mammogram. In this paper, a (QBIC) was experimented using selected distance measures to detect abnormality in mammogram images. The system was benchmarked with mini mammographic image analysis society (mini-MIAS) and breast cancer digital repository (BCDR) dataset. The experimental process includes thresholding and extraction of Region of Interest (ROI) from the mammogram using gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The extracted features were tested on Euclidean distance, Minkowski distance, Hamming distance, Mahalanobis distance, Cosine Similarity and Manhattan distance measures. The performance of the system on the distance measure was compared and evaluated on the datasets to determine the distance metric that could best identify abnormality in the samples. Results: The empirical results reveal that Mahalanobis distance measure outperforms the others in terms of retrieval time (1.26s and 1.14s) and minimal error (0.004 and 0.002) respectively for both the mini-MIAS dataset as well as the BCDR dataset, based on the similarity of images retrieved when compared to queried images. Conclusion: The implication from this research is that for a QBIC system, the choice of distance measure is an advantage over the use of classification algorithms which always requires train/test splits and validation.

Ayodele O. Oloyede1., Ovansa A. Ateiza.2, Vivian O. Nwaocha.3, Taofik T. Ajagbe.4, & Abiodun I. Aremu5.

Introduction: Globally, the rate of crime has dramatically climbed in recent years. Because of the innovative tools used by criminals, controlling crime investigations is difficult. However, a variety of research projects are being carried out in the fields of artificial intelligence and neural networks to automate crime detection and prediction, which has led to the network's strange behavior and necessitated unprecedented finetuning, hyperparameter optimization, and large datasets. For the Multimodal Biometric Crime Control System, a hybridized Convolution Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (CNN-GA) model was developed in light of the aforementioned information. Materials and Methods: Facial images and Thumbprint patterns used for the developed system were acquired from publicly available Face and Gesture Recognition Research Network (FG-Net) and Sokoto Coventry Fingerprint Dataset (SOCOFing) respectively. These images were preprocessed using histogram equalization technique to obtain uniform illumination and geometrical size. Procedurally, CNN and GA were used to extract facial and thumbprint features. The extracted features were fused into a single feature set using sum rule strategy. Based on the single feature set, faces and thumbprint pattern were recognized and classified into various individuals using support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The developed CNN-GA was evaluated using computational time (CT) and recognition accuracy (RA). Results: The result of CNN-GA on fused face and fingerprint at optimum threshold yielded RA and CT of 97.81% and 455.54s, respectively, while the corresponding values of CNN were 95.61%, and 565.02s, respectively. Also, the corresponding values of GA were 96.49% and 560.28s, respectively. Conclusion: The developed Convolution Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm technique serves as improvement over CNN and GA in terms of recognition accuracy and computational time. This technique could be integrated into emerging crime control systems towards their improved performance.

Morufat A. LI-HAMMED1*, Taofikat A. ADESALU1, Nimisha TRIPATHI2, Olayinka T. ASEKUN3

The diverse biochemical profiles of microalgae, particularly Dunaliella salina and Spirulina platensis, make them essential to biotechnological fields. These microalgae stand out for their high biomass production and capacity to store important materials including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids in a variety of environmental settings. This work provides a comprehensive evaluation that compares these two popular microalgal species, closely examining important characteristics such organic matter, pigments, carotenoids, carbohydrates, and proteins, along with moisture content, ash content, and ash-free dry weight. The investigation validated the exceptional ability of Dunaliella salina to store protein and β-carotene, indicating its potential use in nutraceutical applications. On the other hand, Spirulina platensis showed increased protein content, which strengthened its standing as a helpful dietary supplement. Spirulina's somewhat higher carbohydrate content suggests that the biofuel industry may find use for it. By identifying each microalga's distinct characteristics in more detail, proximate analysis provided important new information about their potential applications in biotechnology. This thorough characterisation clarifies their inherent benefits notwithstanding the impact of environmental factors and strain selection on their biochemical makeup. By highlighting these qualities, the study advocates for the sustainable use of Dunaliella salina and Spirulina platensis as answers in the rapidly evolving field of biotechnology, and it lays out a path for their advanced usage in a variety of industries, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels.

Yakub Tunde OYEB1, Azeez SULAIMON2, Abdulafeez Olalekan ABDULKAREEM1, Kazeem AdekunleSHONIBARE1,

Sales forecasting is a crucial aspect of business management, which involves predicting future sales based on historical data and market trends. Accurate sales forecasts are essential for effective decision-making, such as inventory management, production planning, and resource allocation. This study explores the application of mathematical modelling in sales forecasting. A case study approach was used to demonstrate how mathematical modelling can be deployed to develop accurate sales forecasts. Specifically, historical sales data and market trends were used to develop mathematical models, including regression analysis, and time series analysis, to predict future sales.

Oluwakemi O. TOVIDE1*, Peter S. ADEWALE2, Olubunmi A. ADEWUSI1, Olayinka O. FOLORUNSHO1

Heavy metals are metallic elements that have relatively high densities, atomic weights or atomic numbers. The rapid growth of industrialization and population is a leading cause of heavy metal pollution. In the present study, water, sediment and fish from Totowu River located at Ado-odo, Otta in Ogun State were analysed for concentration of five major heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Co and Pb) using Atomic Absorption spectroscopy (AAS). 0.016-0.030 mg/L, 0.00-0.123 mg/L and 0.078-0.269 mg/L for Cu, Cr and Pb were obtained respectively for water. Sediments gave concentrations of 0.057-0.137 mg/L, 0.00-0.191 mg/L and 0.102-0.578 mg/L for Cu, Cr and Pb respectively. The result for heavy metals analysis of fish gave concentrations of 0.025-0.103 mg/L, 0.00-0.189 mg/L and 0.111-0.602 mg/L for Cu, Cr and Pb respectively. Cadmium and Cobalt were not detected in all the samples. The obtained results showed that average value of Pb were high in sequence from Fish > sediment > water in the study area and are higher than allowed permissible concentration of WHO. The result confirms that Totowu River is contaminated and could be dangerous for human health. Regular monitoring and effective clean-up are therefore recommended.

Yusuf Kayode1,2, Aghogho Ogwala3, Eugene Onori2, Emmanuel Somoye2, Rasaq Adeniji-Adele2

Introduction: Ionospheric modelling is very crucial in ionospheric studies because of paucity in data in regions where ionospheric instruments such as Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, ionosonde/digisonde, etc., are hardly available. Aim: In this research, the assessment of GPS-TEC using three ionospheric models namely: IRI-2016, IRI-Plas2017 and NeQuick-2 models in the Australian longitude sector (DAV1) for the period of 2011 – 2017 was studied. Materials and Methods: Hourly mean values of Total Electron Content (TEC) obtained from the GPS receiver at DAV1 station, and some ionospheric models were used to analyze the diurnal and seasonal variations in TEC. The prediction capability of the ionospheric models using annual Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) and annual Mean Absolute Errors (MAE) between GPS-TEC and the ionospheric models were used to assess the performances of the ionospheric models. Results: Results obtained shows highest TEC values (~42 TECU) around 5:00UT corresponding to noontime (12:00LT) and at 09:00UT corresponding to post-noon (14:00LT) hours while lowest TEC values ~2 TECU were recorded at 18:00UT (01:00LT) and at 22:00UT (05:00LT) hours of the day. The results also show higher TEC values during the equinoxes than the solstices, except for the December solstice which recorded almost equal magnitude of TEC values as observed in the equinoxes. Conclusion: Generally, this study shows that the IRI-Plas 2017 model had better performance than both the IRI-2016 the NeQuick-2 models throughout the study period, showing least RMSE and MAE values in most seasons.

Olasunkanmi Kayode Awote1*, Adesegun Gideon Adeyemo1, Sodiq Kolawole Apete1, Rasaq Bamidele Awosemo2, Habeebah Doyin Azeez1, Daniel Segun Salako1, Babajide David Kayode3, SheuOluwatobiloba Arowolo1, Oluwatobi Smith Olatunbosun1, Funmilayo Esther Olalero1

Introduction: The use of plant-mediated nanotechnology is gaining attention worldwide because of its low-cost and high efficiency in the synthesis of nano-sized particles that ranges between 1-100 nm. Aims: This study investigated the antidiabetic, antiglycation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Jatropha tanjorensis leaf and stem extracts. Materials and Methods: AgNPs was synthesized using the aqueous extract of J. tanjorensis leaf and stem, respectively. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The anti-diabetic (α-amylase and α–glucosidase inhibitory assays), antiglycation (fructosamine inhibition), antioxidant (reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH and NO radical scavenging assays), and anti-inflammatory (proteinase inhibitory action and albumin denaturation inhibition) activities were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: The synthesized AgNPs showed a maximum absorption peak at 410nm and 412nm, and an average size distribution of 42.66nm and 48.33nm using the leaf and stem extracts of the plant, respectively. The synthesized AgNPs using the leaf extract (JTL-AgNPs) showed a better antidiabetic, antiglycation, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging potentials which may possibly be due to the compounds adsorbed on the surface of the synthesized AgNPs as revealed by the FTIR analysis. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf and stem extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis can be used to synthesize AgNPs, however, the JTL-AgNPs showed better potentials on investigated parameters, thus suggesting its exploration in the development of drugs for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus and other associated free radical causing diseases.

Joseph A. Nkwoji1, Joy J. Abodunde2, Amarachi P. Onyena3*

Introduction: Contaminants generated from different human activities combine to pose stress on the benthic macroinvertebrates and alter their community structure. Aim: To evaluate the impacts of human activities on the Lagos lagoon, by examining changes in abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates. Materials and Methods: Eight sampling points with varying human impacts along the edges of the Lagos lagoon were investigated monthly between September 2020 and February 2021, for the effects of human-induced stress on the abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in the study area. Water and benthic macroinvertebrates were collected monthly using Hydrobios Water Sampler and Van-Veen grab respectively, and analysed in the laboratory using standard methods. Results: The hydrochemistry of the stations differed significantly (P<0.05), with the exception of temperature. A total of 1390 individuals, comprising twelve species, eleven genera, six orders, four classes and three phyla were recorded. The benthic macroinvertebrates assemblage was dominated by relatively pollution-sensitive and tolerant species such as Tympanotonus fuscatus and Nereis diversicolor. There was a generally low abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in the study area, and this may be attributed to the combined impact of different anthropogenic activities in the study area. The low abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates indicate an overall decline in water quality and ecosystem health. Conclusion: This highlights the need for better management of anthropogenic activities in the area, to maintain a healthy aquatic environment.

Babajide Elemo, Olabisi Ogunrinola, Olusegun Fajana, Rahmon Kanmodi*, Saheed Rahmon, Olivia Agu, Awa Zubaru

ABSTRACT Background: Diarrhoea remains a disease of global health concern. Less is known about the functional effects of tuber-based oral rehydration therapy (ORS) in diarrhoea pathophysiology. This study was designed to investigate the effects of tuber-based ORS on intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity and serum albumin concentration in diarrhoeic animals. Methods: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6). Group A received food and water only; Group B was induced with osmotic diarrhoea; Group C, D, E and F received standard World Health Organization (WHO)-ORS, Colocasia esculenta-ORS, Pachyrhizus erosus-ORS and Ipomoea batatas-ORS respectively, after diarrhoea induction. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, and IAP activity was evaluated using spectrophotometry. Blood collected was assessed for serum albumin concentration. Sections of the small intestine were subjected to histopathological examination. Results: Darrhoeic animals that received tuber-based ORS had higher IAP activities, compared to animals treated with WHO-ORS (p<0.05). All animals induced with osmotic diarhoea had decreased levels of serum albumin (regardless of ORS treatment), which did not vary significantly compared to the control (p<0.05). Micrographs of small intestinal tissues revealed that untreated diarrhoeic animals had depleted Brunner's gland and cellular components, while animals administered with WHO-ORS and tuber-based ORS showed improved intestinal mucosa features, similar to the control. Conclusion: The results revealed that tuber-based ORS had a higher enhancing effect on IAP activity than WHO-ORS. Tuber-based ORS and WHO ORS also showed the potential to repair intestinal mucosa damage and restore normal serum albumin concentration in animals with diarrheoa..

Ogungbe, Abiola1, Saliu, Babatunde1, Alabi, Aderemi2, Whetode, James1, Onori, Eugene1, Solola, Gbenro3, Atobatele, Olayinka3, Atanley, Pauline3

Introduction: hydrocarbon contamination of surface waters as a result of anthropogenic activity poses threat to ecosystems and counter their beneficial uses. Some indigenous microbial communities have the potential to purify such waters unaided. Aims: To show the biodegradative potential of microbial communities in Lagos and Ologe Lagoons during minimal pollution with crude oil. Materials and Methods: The total heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon utilising bacterial and fungal populations were estimated from Lagos and Ologe lagoon water samples contaminated with 1% crude oil over 42-day incubation period by plate count and vapour-phase transfer techniques. Residual hydrocarbons were determined by Gas chromatography. Results: The predominant bacterial genera identified from the lagoons include Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Proteus, while Escherichia, and Morganella. Aspergillus and Mucor were the predominant fungal genera in both waters. The hydrocarbon degradation rate in the Lagos Island microcosm was 65.391±0.370 mg/l/d, degradation rate constant 0.05±0.01 /d, half-life 9.559±0.093 /d and percentage degradation of 95.315 ± 0.134. Corresponding values in the Ologe water were 61.190± 8.542 mg/l/d, 8.725 ±0.389 /d, 0.055±0.003/d and 96.345±0.488 respectively. There was almost complete disappearance of the various fractions of the oil in the two samples. The microbial communities from both lagoons effectively utilised majority of the hydrocarbon fractions after 42 days where 66.890±1.075 and 100±000 were recorded for benzene, toluene had 100±000 percent degradation, anthracene 96.755±0.119 and 99.726±0.026, and pristane had 91.674±0.222 and 99.943±0.015 while phytane had 96.44±0.058 and 99.670±0.104 respectively. Conclusion: Efficient biodegradation of moderate contamination crude oil could be achieved by indigenous microbial flora present in Lagos and Ologe lagoon waters.

Oluwakemi Yemisi Adeogun1, Oluwafemi Olutayo Okunowo1, Adebayo Owoade1, Lukmon Adeoti1, Bolaji Rafiu Adegbola2

The 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) techniques were deployed for groundwater extraction at a school located in Oworoshoki, Kosofe, local government area, Lagos. This becomes necessary due to two failed existing hand dug wells within the school premises. 2D ERI data and thirty VES data were acquired along five profiles. The results revealed four to five geoelectric layers which correspond to the topsoil, clay, clayey sand, sandy clay and sand. The topsoil is characterized by resistivity values ranging from 42.5 to 3798.4 Ωm. The clay has resistivity values ranging from 7.9 to 48.1 Ωm. The sandy clay has resistivity values ranging from 21.0 to 59.0 m. The clayey sand in VES (16, 17 and 26) has resistivity values between 72.9 to 96.5 Ωm. The sand identified at the VES (1 to 18 and 22 to 30) has resistivity values of 116.7 to 1531.3 Ωm at the shallow layer which is suspected to be the seasonal aquifer where most of the existing hand dug wells were situated. The sand at the fourth to fifth layer across VES (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 to 15, 18 and 25) with the resistivity values between 107.2 to 450.0 Ωm represents a good aquifer where groundwater could be tapped. The 2D resistivity structures were able to delineate the shallow aquifer thereby complementing the VES results. Hence, the study recommends that borehole could be sunk at depth range (39.5 to 90.3 m) in the study area.

Oluwafemi S. Obayori1, Muibat O. Fashola1, Ahmeed O. Ashade1, Idera M. Osinowo1, Afeez O. Owolabi1, Felix O. Adeola1 and Esther T. Olasufi1

Introduction: hydrocarbon contamination of surface waters as a result of anthropogenic activity poses threat to ecosystems and counter their beneficial uses. Some indigenous microbial communities have the potential to purify such waters unaided. Aims: To show the biodegradative potential of microbial communities in Lagos and Ologe Lagoons during minimal pollution with crude oil. Materials and Methods: The total heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon utilising bacterial and fungal populations were estimated from Lagos and Ologe lagoon water samples contaminated with 1% crude oil over 42-day incubation period by plate count and vapour-phase transfer techniques. Residual hydrocarbons were determined by Gas chromatography. Results: The predominant bacterial genera identified from the lagoons include Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Proteus, while Escherichia, and Morganella. Aspergillus and Mucor were the predominant fungal genera in both waters. The hydrocarbon degradation rate in the Lagos Island microcosm was 65.391±0.370 mg/l/d, degradation rate constant 0.05±0.01 /d, half-life 9.559±0.093 /d and percentage degradation of 95.315 ± 0.134. Corresponding values in the Ologe water were 61.190± 8.542 mg/l/d, 8.725 ±0.389 /d, 0.055±0.003/d and 96.345±0.488 respectively. There was almost complete disappearance of the various fractions of the oil in the two samples. The microbial communities from both lagoons effectively utilised majority of the hydrocarbon fractions after 42 days where 66.890±1.075 and 100±000 were recorded for benzene, toluene had 100±000 percent degradation, anthracene 96.755±0.119 and 99.726±0.026, and pristane had 91.674±0.222 and 99.943±0.015 while phytane had 96.44±0.058 and 99.670±0.104 respectively. Conclusion: Efficient biodegradation of moderate contamination crude oil could be achieved by indigenous microbial flora present in Lagos and Ologe lagoon waters.

Kehinde Amisu1, Christopher Fakorede1, Seun Akinlosotu1 and Oladipupo Lawal2

Introduction: Staphylococci are clinically-important bacteria notable for catalase production when grown in-vitro and during host infections. However, comparative activities of the enzyme in the presence and absence of different chemical components in body fluids is apparently unknown. Aim: This study investigated the qualitative influence of blood plasma on in-vitro activity of staphylococcal enzyme and virulence potentials of the organism. Materials and methods: Twenty-seven (27) clinical staphylococcal isolates, comprising 33% coagulase positive strains were screened for catalase production using swabbed colonies and thick cell suspensions exposed to 6% w/v H2O2. Thereafter, separate 25 µL and 50 µL of any of ten (10) blood plasma samples with little or no catalase activities were added to different cell suspensions of 25 µL on Petri dishes and 50 µL contained in tubes respectively. Individual cell suspensions and test plasma samples of same volumes served as controls. Equal volumes (25 µL / 50 µL) of H2O2 were added to all preparations and observed for characteristic bubble formation. Results: All the bacterial suspensions without plasma showed immediate vigorous bursting bubbling reaction for a few seconds but those with plasma took about 15 seconds before producing tiny bubbles and progressed to forming profuse foams, rising high in narrow tubes or extending beyond the droplet spots. The foams persisted for several minutes or till dryness. The plasma control produced very little or no foams. Conclusion: This study shows blood plasma has the potential of slowing down the characteristic intense rapid in-vitro activity of staphylococcal catalase activity and if applicable in-vivo, it may be tissue protective but the observed suboptimal enzyme performance may reduce oxidative stress survival of the bacteria during invasive infections. , , , ,, , .

Atlases Selection Model Patrick Owate1,2, Benjamin Aribisala2,3, Charles Uwadia1 and Philip Adewole1

Introduction: Multiple atlas-based parcellation model has been demonstrated to perform better than single atlas-based parcellation model in terms of accuracy of the parcellation of human brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). The weakness of the existing multiple atlas-based parcellation models is that the level of accuracy is limited if used for the ageing brain due to the presence of age-related changes such as atrophy. Aim: The aim of this study is to develop a novel multiple atlases selection model that ensures improved accuracy for the parcellation of the ageing brain by combining Cost function with the Similarity metric and Atrophy measure for atlases selection. This model is called COSA. Materials and Methods: A dataset with ten brain MRIs and ten atlases was used. A brain MRI was used one at a time as the target image while the remaining images constituted the source images. Using each target image, consensus atlases were obtained for COSA from the combination of a cost function, similarity index, and atrophy measure. These atlases were consequently used to parcellate the target image. Performance was assessed using Dice Coefficient and COSA was compared with existing atlases selection models. The existing atlases selection models investigated were Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Mutual Information (MI), Correlation Ratio (CR), Normalized Correlation Ratio (NCR), and Least Square Error (LSE). Results: Mean of Dice Coefficient were: COSA = 0.7495196, NMI = 0.7479508, MI = 0.7473333, Jaccard Index = 0.7392522, CR = 0.7358384, NC = 0.7358043, Atrophy Measure = 0.7300867, LSE = 0.7299367, Single Atlas =0.6830223. Conclusion: Results show that COSA performs better than the existing multiple Atlas-based models.

Aidanwosa Aiwanose P.1, Abdulkareem Abdulafeez O.2

Introduction: The quest for increasing the security of data in secret-sharing schemes has attracted much attention in the world of cryptography. Several methods have been applied, and the application of the new technique, (n,n)-threshold secretsharing scheme based on equivalence classes, will be a perfect solution. Aims: The aim is to explore and construct strong knowledge in the theory and structure of the secret-sharing scheme on (n,n)- threshold secret-sharing scheme based on equivalence classes; (𝑋) = (𝑦 𝜖 𝑋: (𝑥, 𝑦)𝜖 ℝ) And achieve the following objectives: i. To investigate an (𝑛, 𝑛)-threshold secret-sharing scheme based on the equivalence classes of the prime over ℤ. ii. Investigation of the accuracy of such a scheme. Materials and Methods: The study uses the set of integers modulo a prime and modulo arithmetic on the set of integers. Results: The statistics on the coalition, security analysis, and information-theoretic efficiency are also discussed. Conclusion: The secret sharing scheme on (10,10)-threshold secret-sharing scheme based on equivalence classes of integers modulo a prime is perfect in terms of only qualified coalitions can obtain the secret and it is reliable by means of security. We have used the property of these classes to provide the reconstruction algorithms, and access structures and calculated the number of minimal coalitions of the scheme. This new system is ideal in that the size of the secret is equal to the size of the share.

Eugene Onori1, Abiola Ogungbe1 Aghogho Ogwala2, Yusuf Kayode1, Emmanuel Somoye1, Razak Adeniji-Adele1, Olorunfemi Fakunle1

Abstract: Introduction: The variation of the ionosphere is mostly studied using the critical frequency of the F2-layer (foF2) whose values can also be predicted by an ionospheric model. The widely used model for predicting ionospheric parameters is the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). Aim: This paper aims to demonstrate how well the current International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) model performs in predicting the critical frequency of the F2-layer (foF2) over two equatorial stations during two extremes of solar activity phase of solar cycle 22.. Methods: The hourly foF2 experimental data collected during the Maximum Phase of Solar Activity MPSA year (1989) and Minimum Phase of Solar Activity MnPSA year (1986) at Ougadougou (Geomagnetic Latitude 0.59 oN, Geomagnetic Longitude 71.46 oE) in the African longitudinal sector and Manila (Geomagnetic Latitude 3.4 oN, Geomagnetic Longitude 191.1 oE) in the Asia longitudinal sector as well as the predicted foF2 data by the IRI-2016 model were used in this study. Sunspot data from Zurich was utilized as a measure of solar activity phase. The foF2 data were grouped into four seasons before analysis began. Comparing the seasonal means of the experimental foF2 data and the IRI-2016 modeled foF2, it was possible to determine how closely the model matched the experimental data at the different seasons and longitudinal sectors Results: The results showed that the IRI-2016 model overestimate and underestimate the observed foF2 at different periods of the day during the equinox and solstice seasons. Observation showed that the highest positive and negative percentage deviations were observed mostly during the post-midnight hours. Observation also showed that Seasonal mean values of the IRI-2016 model of both options showed remarkable improvement at this two stations since their values have little difference from the observed foF2 values. Conclusion: The discrepancy (underestimation and overestimation) in the IRI-2016 model is found larger during MPSA year than during MnPSA year. The URSI option performs better than the CCIR option since its predicted values are much closer to the observed values. Both options of the model perform better in the Asian longitudinal sector than the African longitudinal sector.

Olaoye, M. A1., Muniru, E.O1., Jegede, O.A2., Olagbaju, P.O3., Adegbola, R.B1., and Mustapha, A.O4

Introduction: Radon is a radioactive gas and one of the leading causes of cancer at high concentrations globally. Inhalation or ingestion of radon-contaminated water through drinking, cooking, or bathing has reportedly increased human health risks. Measuring radon levels in water helps assess the potential health risks associated with ingestion and inhalation. Aims: In this study, the assessment of radon activity in water in some selected places within a university community in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, was carried out. Materials and Methods: Fifteen (15) water (groundwater and borehole water) samples were collected, and the radon concentration was measured using a DURRIDGE RAD7 H2O accessory radon detector. Results: The results of the radon activity ranged from 6.3 ± 1.7 Bq/L to 60.8 ± 5.6 Bq/L with a mean of 21.33 ± 2.95 Bq/L. Nine (9) out of the fifteen (15) water samples measured were observed to be higher than EPA’s maximum contaminant level of 11.1 Bq/L, while the other six (6) water samples were within the range. The annual effective dose values lie within 3 -10 mSv/yr., reported by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Conclusion: Water within the university community in Oshogbo, Osun State, is recommended for regular radon monitoring due to the high radon concentration above the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. To Keywords: radon, Osogbo, water, RAD7 H2O

Oluwakemi Tovide1, Obaro Bernard Eterigho2, Peter Sanjo Adewale3

Introduction: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common pollutants in water that have been reported to cause severe health effects in humans and harm the ecosystem. Aims: This study examined the concentrations of PAHs in different water sources used for domestic purposes in Ijegun- Egba community. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four (24) groundwater samples were collected from four sites in Ijegun-Egba. The Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods and PAHs were determined through Gas chromatography-flame – Flame ionization detector. Results: The appearance, odour, and temperature were within the limits of World Health Organisation (WHO). Conductivity levels were within the WHO limit (2,500µS/cm) in well water (1,400µS/cm) and borehole water (1,470 µS/cm) except for river water (4,432.5 µS/cm) which was above WHO recommended limit (2,500µS/cm). pH was within limits in all sites studied except for borehole water (pH =4.0). Among the 16 PAHs, Naphthalene (NAPH) was generally the most abundant PAH (23.89% to Σ16PAHs). There was a significant difference (at < 0.005) in the level of PAHs in the four sources of water. Conclusion: River water has the highest level of PAHs. This points to the activities of the tank farms and suggests that petrol and oil deposits find themselves either through percolation, soil runoffs, or erosion into the water bodies. The Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency should continue to monitor the activities of oil tankers in Ijegun community oil deports. Truck stations should be built outside the community and the residents should avoid the use of water from rivers in Ijegun community.

Oluwabunmi J. Omole1, Oluwatoyin A. Enikuomehin1 and Benjamin S. Aribisala

Introduction: Image searching is a continual challenge even with the many image retrieval models that have sprung up. Sketch-Based Image Retrieval (SBIR) models attempt to solve this challenge by searching using sketching. The existing SBIR algorithms have limited performance because of ambiguities and variations in hand-drawn sketches. Aims: The aim of this work was to review and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing SBIR models. Materials and Methods: Articles were selected from Google Scholar assessing strictly sketch construction models. Search terms include sketch construction, sketch-based image retrieval, hypermedia, multimedia, design strategies, and algorithms. Results: The search returned 455 articles of which only 134 studies met the inclusion criteria. 30 papers were on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and hybrids. 6 on Contour and Stroke Segments. 4 on Generative Adversarial Network while 3 papers were on Deep Hashing. 6 papers reported use of 3D-CNN-based methods while 85 papers used other methods like sparse coding and bag of regions. Accuracy, recall and precision ranged from 59.47% to 99.4%, 20.10% to 47.70% and 33.40% to 51.00% respectively. Conclusion: There are some promising SBIR models but lots of effort is required if computational SBIRs are to be adopted. Most studies did not include any performance metric which makes it difficult to assess the performances of the algorithms proposed. Researchers are advised to always report the performance algorithms. The future plan is to develop a robust SBIR algorithm which will accommodate handwriting ambiguity variations

Rafiu Adegbola1, James Whetode1, Oluwakemi Adeogun2, Busuyi Akeredolu3, Olajuwon Lateef1

Introduction: This technical paper will demonstrate the importance of subsurface characterization for engineering purposes such as construction and road failure. Aims: Geoelectrical method was deployed at Fountain University located at Oshogbo, Osun state with the aim of characterizing the subsurface geological layers within the premises. Materials and Methods: Seventeen (17) VES were acquired with PASI 16-GL along three 100-meter traverses. Electrical resistivity data was plotted on a log-log graph, curve matched and subjected to computer iteration software. Results: The interpreted results showed that the entire region generally consists of four to five sublayers; topsoil with resistivity values ranging between 27.5 Ωm and 967.1 Ωm at maximum depth of 0.9 m beneath the earth surface, weathered layer with resistivity values ranging between 60.8 Ωm and 505.1 Ωm at a maximum depth of 15.8 m and partly weathered layer with resistivity values ranging from 150.8 Ωm – 1130.0 Ωm at maximum depth of 26.9 m beneath the earth surface, clay with resistivity values ranging between 4.0 Ωm and 42 Ωm at maximum depth of 16.9 m beneath the earth surface, fractured basement with resistivity values ranging between 103 Ωm – 460.0 Ωm at maximum depth of 92.6 m and fresh basement with resistivity values ranging from 931 Ωm – 5432.0 Ωm. Conclusion: This study can be used as a reconnaissance material for groundwater, engineering, and environmental purposes in the surveyed area, it can also serve as a template in other similar terrain.

Ojewumi, A.W., Oluwa, O.K., Oyetunji O.S., Oluwole, S.O., Makinde, S.C.

Biological metabolites released by plants have regulatory effects on seed germination, growth and some other physiological functions of plants found at rhizospere of such plants. Hence, this study investigated inhibitory influence of Azadirachta indica. Juss.,Senna siameaLam and Mangifera indica L. leaf cold extracts on Zea mays. Phytochemical contents of leaves of the three plants were determined. Five viable Z. mays seeds were planted in thirty perforated buckets filled with loamy soil and arranged using completely randomized design with five replicates. Z. mays seedlings in each pot were treated with 20 ML, 40 ML, 60 ML, 80 ML and 100 ML A. indica, S. siamea, and M. indica leaf cold extracts. Water served as control. Growth parameters of Z. mays were measured at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after planting. Also nutritional contents of grains of the Z. mays were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2013). Means were calculated using Analysis of Variance and separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p < 0.05. Results revealed that cyanogenic glycolside (3.69 gmg/kg) and flanonoids (14.27 mg/kg) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in A. Indica leaves, phenol (8.13 mg/kg) in M. indica while saponins (3.44 mg/kg) were observed in S. siamea leaves. The growth parameters showed significant decrease with inclusion of the extracts. Highest number of leaf (8.51), root length (9.97 cm) and plant height (115.13 cm) were recorded in Z. mays controlled. Highest vitamin A (1.31 mg/kg) was recorded in Z, mays treated with 20 m ML A. indica leaf cold extract, Vitamin B1 (5.257 mg/kg) in Z. mays treated with 20 ML. siamea leaf cold extract. Also, Vitamin B2 (1.473 mg/kg) and Vitamin C (5.683 mg/kg) were significantly higher in control. Sodium (164.60 mg/kg), potassium (50.79 mg/kg), calcium (374.64 mg/kg), iron (325.87 mg/kg), zinc (3.81 mg/kg) and magnesium (2.92 mg/kg) were significantly higher in controlled Z .mays. Crude protein (4.83 mg/kg) and moisture (3.81 mg/kg), crude fibre (14.54 mg/kg) and carbohydrate (9.27 mg/kg) and ash (10.54 mg/kg) were relatively higher in control compared with leaf cold extracts of A. indica, S. siamea and M. Indica. In conclusion, A. indica, S. siamea and M. indica leaves contained appreciable amount of allelopathic contents capable of inhibiting growth and reduced nutritional contents of grains Z. mays studied. Also, 100ML leaf cold extracts of the three plants produced highest inhibitory effects on the germination and growth of Z. mays

Ifabunmi Osonuga, Olusoji Oyesola, Albert Ogunlade, Baliqis Olukade, Samuel Olalekan

Background: Metals long-term exposure can lead to significant problems. Environmental exposure to lead is very prevalent and it causes a wide range of health hazards. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of lead acetate exposure on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: The aqueous lead acetate at dose of 2ml/kg body weight was administrated for 21 days. 20 male adult Wistar rats weighing between 180-200gm were distributed into two groups, (control and lead treated). Control group received normal food and water; treated group received 2ml/kg body weight of lead Results: Oral administration of aqueous lead acetate at the dose of 2ml/kg body weights decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure though not significant (p>0.05) Conclusions: The result of the present study showed that low-level exposure to lead acetate might not affect systolic and diastolic blood pressure due to duration of exposure which might imply that individuals should minimize their continuous exposure to lead acetate as this can contribute to onset of hypertension and to avoid chronic effect of lead on body system generally.

Isiaka Adio Hassan

The ever-increasing usage of plastic [Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET bottle)] in our day-to-day life is inevitable; hence need to find remedy to inundated waste generated from its usage. The aims of this study is to bio remediate the polyethylene terephthalate (pet bottle) from contaminated soil with pet bottles. Soil sample contaminated with the pet bottle was collected from Elepe dumpsite, Ikorodu, Lagos State. Five different bacteria (Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Pseudomonas cepacia and Bacillus firmus were isolated from the soil using a spread plate method and were identified using colonial and cellular morphology, and biochemical characterisation. However the isolated and identified organisms were inoculated into the new sterile pet bottle in nutrient broth and incubated for 10, 20, 30 days. The result of the degradation of the pet bottle in 10, 20, and 30 days by pseudomonas alcaligenes (11.43, 17.14 and 27.14 %); Pseudomonas putida (8.57, 14.28, and 22.86 %); Pseudomonas flourescence (9, 10.5, and 12.8 %); Pseudomonas cepacia (0, 0 and 0 %) and Bacillus firmus (0, 4.5, and 10.50 %) respectively. The Pseudomonas alcaligenes was found to be more effective than rest four degrading bacteria. It can be concluded that Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescence, and Bacillus firmus can degrade pet bottle within 30 days, with the exception of Pseudomonas cepacia.

Abdulrafiu Majolagbe1, Kafeelah Yusuf1, Olumuyiwa Okedeyi2

Consumption of cruciferous vegetables has continue to gain more acceptance particularly now in Africa, for reasons including wide range of health benefits; reducing the risks of developing cancer, bone health, fighting heart disease and as a good source of vitamins and minerals. The presence of glucosinolates, a class of Organic Anionic Sulfur rich secondary metabolites confers the heath servicing capacities on crucifers. This study is aimed at evaluating total and individual glucosinolates levels in cultivars widely consumed in Nigeria using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), through both Cold methanol and Boiling water extraction treatments. A reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) C18 column (Spherisorb 5µ ODS (2), 100 mm × 4.6 mm) was employed to evaluate the concentration of three intact glucosinolates: Progoitrin (2R)-2-Hydroxybut-3-enyl), Sinigrin (2-Propenyl) and Sulforaphane in four (4) different types of cruciferous vegetables: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. italica), Kale (Brassica, oleracea L. acephala group), Cauli flower (Brassica oleracea L. botrytis ) and Green cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. capitata). Glucosinolates (as desulfoglucosinolates) were quantified at 229 nm wavelength within the UV spectrum. The results show concentration of Progoitrin, Sinigrin and Sulforaphane range 0.133- 0.154, 0.590 – 0.640, and 0.820 -0.980 respectively for boiling water method while the range 0.00- 0.056, 0.108 -0.302 and 0.364- 0.398 for Cold Methanol treatment. The level of glucosinolates investigated was observed higher in stems than in the levels of vegetables studied. ANOVA at P < 0.05 revealed varying degree of significant and non- significant difference between the two extraction methods. Boiling water extraction was observed to give a higher yield than cold methanol extraction treatment.